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Flood Risk Assessment of Himalayan Foothill Rivers: A Study of Jaldhaka River, India

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Floods in the Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta

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Abstract

Flood is an annual recurrent event in the Himalayan foothill province of West Bengal. The middle course of Jaldhaka River basin experiences flood occasionally. The main river with its tributaries carries huge discharge during monsoon periods, resulting floods that affect the entire landscape. The study is an assessment of flood susceptibility using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) where elevation (m), slope (degree), mean rainfall (cm), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), bare soil index (BSI), topographic wetness index (TWI), and distance from rivers (km) have been considered. Five classes have been assessed where very high and high flood susceptibility areas are concentrated in the lower flood plain section of Rothikhola, Sukti, and Jaldhaka itself. There is remarkable changes from 2000–2020 in land utilization also where settlement and agricultural land have increased enormously in moderate to low flood-risk sections of near-foothill area and settlement has shifted from the flood plains to the northern section. Natural vegetation has decreased, and there is a remarkable increase of agricultural land over both banks of river channels. The outcome of the study portrays a change in the land utilization pattern affected by recurrent flood events.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Adrija Raha, Suraj Gupta & Mery Biswas

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  1. Adrija Raha
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  2. Suraj Gupta
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  3. Mery Biswas
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Correspondence to Mery Biswas .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata, India

    Aznarul Islam

  2. Post-Graduate Department of Geography, Raja N.L.Khan Women’s College (Autonomous), Midnapore, West Bengal, India

    Pravat Kumar Shit

  3. Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh

    Dilip Kumar Datta

  4. Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    M. Shahidul Islam

  5. Department of Geography, Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India

    Suvendu Roy

  6. Department of Geography, Chandrapur College, Purba Bardhaman, India

    Sandipan Ghosh

  7. Department of Geography, Krishnagar Government College, Krishnanagar, India

    Balai Chandra Das

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Raha, A., Gupta, S., Biswas, M. (2023). Flood Risk Assessment of Himalayan Foothill Rivers: A Study of Jaldhaka River, India. In: Islam, A., et al. Floods in the Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21086-0_4

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