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Vestibular Nuclei and Their Cerebellar Connections

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Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

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Abstract

The vestibular nuclei and the vestibulocerebellum comprise the anatomical crossroads where primary vestibular information is collected, stored, and modified by other sensory inputs (visual, proprioceptive, autonomic) and central cortical commands. Secondary vestibular neurons are clustered into five nuclei in which different subsets of vestibular primary afferents terminate. This distributed organization may be based on the targeted outputs of the clustered secondary neurons rather than on selective afferent targeting. Vestibular primary and secondary afferent mossy fibers activate a large mediolateral extent of granule cells in multiple folia of vermal lobules IX–X. However, the vermal and hemispheric lobules IX–X are organized in three dimensions by vestibular and visual climbing fiber inputs that are arrayed in narrow sagittal strips. In vermal lobules IX–X, these climbing fiber strips encode linear acceleration imposed by changes in head movement with respect to gravity using the utricular otoliths and angular acceleration of the head about the anatomical axes of the two vertical semicircular canals. Hemispheric lobule X encodes self-motion using climbing fiber structured optokinetic feedback imposed by the three axes of the semicircular canals. Vestibular and visual adaptation of this circuitry is needed to maintain balance during postural perturbations. Secondary neurons in the vestibular nuclei and cerebellar neurons may contribute to storage and modification of postural reflexes. Compensation of postural reflexes following unilateral damage to the vestibular nerve provokes changes in cellular expression of protein kinase C-δ without causing a change in transcription of PKC-δ mRNA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Neal H. Barmack

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  1. Neal H. Barmack
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Correspondence to Neal H. Barmack .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Donna L. Gruol

  2. Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan

    Noriyuki Koibuchi

  3. Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium

    Mario Manto

  4. Clinical Translational Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy

    Marco Molinari

  5. Ataxia Center, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jeremy D. Schmahmann

  6. Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzho, China

    Ying Shen

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Barmack, N.H. (2023). Vestibular Nuclei and Their Cerebellar Connections. In: Gruol, D.L., Koibuchi, N., Manto, M., Molinari, M., Schmahmann, J.D., Shen, Y. (eds) Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15070-8_8

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