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Rash

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Dermatology in Public Health Environments

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Abstract

Rashes are the most common dermatologic sign that leads patients to seek medical attention, regardless of their cause. Usually they represent a major diagnostic challenge for general practitioners, emergency physicians, and even dermatologists, since different diseases can clinically yield very similar rashes, and the same disease can be differently displayed on the skin. Moreover, many of these diseases need a very quick and accurate diagnosis for prompt therapeutic management. In this chapter, the etiology of rash is divided into adult and pediatric causes. Drugs reactions remain the leading cause of rash and exanthem in the adult population and infections, usually the viral ones, account for the greater number of these occurrences in children.

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Abbreviations

ACD:

Allergic contact dermatitis

AGEP:

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis

COVID-19:

Coronavirus disease 19

DRESS:

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms

EM:

Erythema multiforme

FTA-abs:

Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption

GCS:

Gianotti–Crosti syndrome

HFMD:

Hand-foot-mouth disease

HHV:

Human herpes virus

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

ICD:

Irritant contact dermatitis

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IVIG:

Intravenous human immunoglobulin

KD:

Kawasaki disease

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

MHA-TP:

Microhemagglutination treponema pallidum test

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

PB19:

Parvovirus B19

PR:

Pityriasis rosea

RT-PCR:

Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction

SARS-CoV-2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

SJS:

Stevens–Johnson syndrome

SSSS:

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

TEM:

Toxic epidermal necrolysis

VDRL:

Venereal disease research laboratory

VZV:

Varicella zoster virus

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Private Practice, São Leopoldo, Brazil

    Isadora da Rosa Hoefel

  2. Dermatology Service—Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Marina Resener de Moraes

  3. Dermatology Service—Santa Teresa Hospital, São Pedro de Alcântara, Brazil

    Barbara Hartung Lovato

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  1. Isadora da Rosa Hoefel
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  2. Marina Resener de Moraes
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  3. Barbara Hartung Lovato
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dermatology Service, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul/HCPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Renan Rangel Bonamigo

Glossary

Biett’s collarette

A syphilitic symptom characterized by a thin white ring of scales on the surface of a macule or papule.

Filatov’s sign

A typical sign of scarlet fever characterized by paleness around the mouth and congestion of the cheeks.

Koplik spots

Spots characterized by clustered, small, white lesions on the buccal mucosa (opposite the upper first and second molars), pathognomonic for measles. The spots resemble tiny grains of white sand, each surrounded by a red ring.

Papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndrome

An acute dermatosis characterized by a papular-purpuric edematous rash in a distinct “gloves and socks” distribution often accompanied by fever, asthenia, and lymphadenopathies. It is mainly caused by parvovirus B19 (B19V) although other viruses and drugs may be involved.

Pastia’s lines

A clinical sign whereby pink or red lines formed of confluent petechiae occur in areas of skin creases, such as the axilla, the neck, the antecubital fossa, and the popliteal fossa. This is a typical sign of scarlet fever.

Blister

Raised lesion, more than 1 cm wide, with internal liquid content.

Macula

Flat nonpalpable lesions, less than 1 cm wide, showing inconspicuous texture and/or color change.

Nodule

Palpable raised and indurated lesion usually deeper than the papule.

Patch

Flat nonpalpable lesion, more than 1 cm wide, showing discrete texture and/or color change.

Papule

Circumscribed palpable lesion, above skin surface, less than 1 cm wide.

Plaque

Palpable and raised lesion, above skin surface, more than 1 cm wide.

Pustule

Raised surface lesion with internal yellow content (pus).

Vesicle

Raised lesion, less than 1 cm wide, with internal light liquid content.

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da Rosa Hoefel, I., de Moraes, M.R., Hartung Lovato, B. (2023). Rash. In: Rangel Bonamigo, R. (eds) Dermatology in Public Health Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13505-7_72

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13505-7_72

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