Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Risk Factors of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Peripheral Arterial Interventions

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

  • 282 Accesses

Abstract

In order to evaluate the likelihood that a person may have peripheral arterial disease, it is important to know the risk factors that are known to produce it. It is also of utmost importance that we realize what factors may be modified to reduce adverse clinical outcomes. This information is obtained from observational studies and trials of different therapies. This chapter summarizes the modifiable and non-modifiable factors that contribute to peripheral artery disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Savji N, Rockman CB, Skolnick AH, Guo Y, Adelman MA, Riles T, Berger JS. Association between advanced age and vascular disease in different arterial territories: a population database of over 3.6 million subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(16):1736–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bonaca MP, Scirica BM, Creager MA, Olin J, Bounameaux H, Dellborg M, Lamp JM, Murphy SA, Braunwald E, Morrow DA. Vorapaxar in patients with peripheral artery disease: results from TRA2{degrees}P-TIMI 50. Circulation. 2013;127(14):1522–9, 1529.e1–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Feringa HH, Bax JJ, Hoeks S, van Waning VH, Elhendy A, Karagiannis S, Vidakovic R, Schouten O, Boersma E, Poldermans D. A prognostic risk index for long-term mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(22):2482–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bonaca MP, Bauersachs RM, Anand SS, Debus ES, Nehler MR, Patel MR, Fanelli F, Capell WH, Diao L, Jaeger N, Hess CN, Pap AF, Kittelson JM, Gudz I, Mátyás L, Krievins DK, Diaz R, Brodmann M, Muehlhofer E, Haskell LP, Berkowitz SD, Hiatt WR. Rivaroxaban in peripheral artery disease after revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):1994–2004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kim SY, Kim TH, Choi JY, Kwon YJ, Choi DH, Kim KC, Kim MJ, Hwang HK, Lee KB. Predictors for amputation in patients with diabetic foot wound. Vasc Specialist Int. 2018;34(4):109–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, Bots ML, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:185–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Vogt MT, Cauley JA, Kuller LH, Hulley SB. Prevalence and correlates of lower extremity arterial disease in elderly women. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137:559–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: the Framingham study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33:13–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Nieto K, Larson MG, Levy D, Wilson PW. Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in the Framingham offspring study. Am Heart J. 2002;143:961–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Carmelli D, Fabsitz RR, Swan GE, Reed T, Miller B, Wolf PA. Contribution of genetic and environmental influences to ankle-brachial blood pressure index in the NHLBI twin study: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151:452–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Murabito JM, Guo CY, Fox CS, D’Agostino RB. Heritability of the ankle-brachial index: the Framingham offspring study. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:963–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kullo IJ, Turner ST, Kardia SL, Mosley TH Jr, Boerwinkle E, de Andrade M. A genome-wide linkage scan for ankle-brachial index in African American and non-Hispanic white subjects participating in the GENOA study. Atherosclerosis. 2006;187:433–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wattanakit K, Folsom AR, Selvin E, Coresh J, Hirsch AT, Weatherley BD. Kidney function and risk of peripheral arterial disease: results from the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(2):629–36. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005111204. Epub 2007 Jan 10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Moustapha A, Naso A, Nahlawi M, Gupta A, Arheart KL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K, Dennis VW. Prospective study of hyperhomocysteinemia as an adverse cardiovascular risk factor in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. 1998;97:138–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Guerrero A, Montes R, Muñoz-Terol J, Gil-Peralta A, Toro J, Naranjo M, González-Pérez P, Martín-Herrera C, Ruiz-Fernández A. Peripheral arterial disease in patients with stages IV and V chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(12):3525–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfl470. Epub 2006 Aug 29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mohammedi K, Woodward M, Hirakawa Y, Zoungas S, Williams B, Lisheng L, Rodgers A, Mancia G, Neal B, Harrap S, Marre M, Chalmers J, ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Microvascular and macrovascular disease and risk for major peripheral arterial disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(10):1796–803.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Newman AB, Siscovick DS, Manolio TA, Polak J, Fried LP, Borhani NO, Wolfson SK. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular health study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group. Circulation. 1993;88(3):837–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Krishnamurthy V, Munir K, Rectenwald JE, Mansour A, Hans S, Eliason JL, Escobar GA, Gallagher KA, Grossman PM, Gurm HS, Share DA, Henke PK. Contemporary outcomes with percutaneous vascular interventions for peripheral critical limb ischemia in those with and without poly-vascular disease. Vasc Med. 2014;19(6):491–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Murabito JM, D’Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent claudication. A risk profile from the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 1997;96(1):44–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Meijer WT, Grobbee DE, Hunink MG, Hofman A, Hoes AW. Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(19):2934–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dormandy J, Heeck L, Vig S. The natural history of claudication: risk to life and limb. Semin Vasc Surg. 1999;12(2):123–37. PMID: 10777239.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dormandy J, Heeck L, Vig S. Predicting which patients will develop chronic critical leg ischemia. Semin Vasc Surg. 1999;12(2):138–41. PMID: 10777240.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cui R, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Imano H, Ohira T, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Relationship of smoking and smoking cessation with ankle-to-arm blood pressure index in elderly Japanese men. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13(2):243–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000209818.36067.51. PMID: 16575279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Jonason T, Bergstrom R. Cessation of smoking in patients with intermittent claudication. Effects on the risk of peripheral vascular complications, myocardial infarction and mortality. Acta Med Scand. 1987;221:253–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A, International Society of Hypertension. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet. 2008;371:1513–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, Duprez DA. Hypertension in peripheral arterial disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(29):3615–20. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612043382819. PMID: 15579058.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bavry AA, Anderson RD, Gong Y, Denardo SJ, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg EM, Pepine CJ. Outcomes among hypertensive patients with concomitant peripheral and coronary artery disease: findings from the INternational VErapamil-SR/Trandolapril STudy. Hypertension. 2010;55(1):48–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Murphy SA, Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, White JA, Lokhnygina Y, Reist C, Im K, Bohula EA, Isaza D, Lopez-Sendon J, Dellborg M, Kher U, Tershakovec AM, Braunwald E. Reduction in Total cardiovascular events with ezetimibe/simvastatin post-acute coronary syndrome: the IMPROVE-IT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(4):353–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Didangelos TP, Ganotakis ES, Symeonidis AN, Daskalopoulou SS, Kakafika AI, Elisaf M, METS-GREECE Collaborative Group. Prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease among subjects with the metabolic syndrome with or without diabetes mellitus: the METS-GREECE Multicentre Study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(11):1691–701. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079904x5599. PMID: 15587481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Criqui MH, Aboyans V. Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res. 2015;116(9):1509–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53. Erratum in: Lancet 1999 Aug 14;354(9178):602. PMID: 9742976.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504720. Epub 2015 Sep 17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gorter PM, Olijhoek JK, van der Graaf Y, Algra A, Rabelink TJ, Visseren FL, SMART Study Group. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis. 2004;173(2):363–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Planas A, Clara A, Pou JM, et al. Relationship of obesity distribution and peripheral arterial occlusive disease in elderly men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1068–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation. 1998;97(5):425–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Vainas T, Stassen FR, de Graaf R, Twiss EL, Herngreen SB, Welten RJ, van den Akker LH, van Dieijen-Visser MP, Bruggeman CA, Kitslaar PJ. C-reactive protein in peripheral arterial disease: relation to severity of the disease and to future cardiovascular events. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42(2):243–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. McDermott MM, Guralnik JM, Corsi A, Albay M, Macchi C, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L. Patterns of inflammation associated with peripheral arterial disease: the InCHIANTI study. Am Heart J. 2005;150(2):276–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Saetre T, Enoksen E, Lyberg T, Stranden E, Jørgensen JJ, Sundhagen JO, Hisdal J. Supervised exercise training reduces plasma levels of the endothelial inflammatory markers E-selectin and ICAM-I in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology. 2011;62(4):301–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Signorelli SS, Mazzarino MC, Di Pino L, Malaponte G, Porto C, Pennisi G, Marchese G, Costa MP, Digrandi D, Celotta G, Virgilio V. High circulating levels of cytokines (IL-6 and TNFalpha), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and selectins in patients with peripheral arterial disease at rest and after a treadmill test. Vasc Med. 2003;8(1):15–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiovascular Medicine, PC, Davenport, IA, USA

    Michael J. Gimbel III

Authors
  1. Michael J. Gimbel III
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael J. Gimbel III .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Midwest Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Davenport, IA, USA

    Nicolas W. Shammas

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gimbel, M.J. (2022). Risk Factors of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease. In: Shammas, N.W. (eds) Peripheral Arterial Interventions. Contemporary Cardiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09741-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09741-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-09740-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-09741-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation