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Role of Microorganisms in Biodegradation of Pollutants

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Handbook of Biodegradable Materials

Abstract

Environmental pollution through industrial development has led to the generation of a variety of lethal materials, especially recalcitrant classes such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, toxic dyes, pesticides, and heavy metals, which are now of critical environmental importance due to their harmful and mutagenic effects on humans, plants, and aquatic organisms. Biodegradation is naturally performed by microorganisms, implying the decomposition of complex organic compounds into a more straightforward inorganic form. These organisms will harness these organisms as a source of energy, while bioremediation is a human engineering technology that reduces pollutants using microorganisms through techniques of natural attenuation, biostimulation, or bioaugmentation to strengthen the ability of microorganisms. Various microorganisms can degrade environmental pollutants with promising skills like bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Certain parameters must be established to provide the highest biodegradation rate of degradable microorganisms under the optimum conditions. These factors are biological factors such as bioavailability, nutrient availability, culture type and type of microorganism, and environmental factors such as pH, temperature, oxygen availability, and pollutant concentration. Biodegradation mechanisms depend mainly on microbial enzymes such as oxidoreductases, hydrolases, peroxidase, oxygenase, proteases, lipases, and lacquers. Genetically modified microorganisms have been applied to further improve the remediation of pollutants and ensure safe biodegradation using symbiotic microorganisms.

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Abbreviations

ABGs:

Aerobic bacterial granules

AMF:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

ATPase:

Adenosine triphosphatase

BR:

Brassino steroids

CAM plasmid:

transmissible camphor plasmid

CK:

Cytokinin

CoA:

Coenzyme A

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

EC50:

Effective concentration

EcM:

Ericoid mycorrhiza

EcO 157:

Escherichia coli O157:H7

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

ET:

Ethylene

FQ:

Fluoroquinolone

GA:

Gibberellin

GE:

Genetic engineering

GEMs:

Genetically engineered microorganisms

gfp:

encoding green fluorescent protein

GMMs:

Genetically modified microorganisms

GTAs:

Gene transfer agents

HGT:

Horizontal gene transfer

HMs:

Heavy metals

IAA:

Auxins indole-3-acetic acid

lacZ :

Encoding β-galactosidase genes

LDPE:

Low-density polyethylene

LEV:

Levofloxacin

LGT:

Lateral gene transfer

lux/luc:

Encoding bacterial/firefly luciferase

MO:

Microorganisms

MTs:

Metallothioneins

N=N:

Atmospheric dinitrogen

NADH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NAH plasmid:

Naphthalene plasmid

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PASHs:

Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PCs:

Phytochelatins

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PGPR:

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

PSMs:

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms

PU:

Polyurethane

S-GEMS:

Suicide gene-mediated GEM transfer control

UV:

Ultraviolet

VP:

Versatile peroxidase

WWTPs:

Wastewater treatment plants

XYL plasmid:

A nonconjugative xylene-degradative plasmid

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Author notes

  1. Farida Ah. Fouad, Donia G. Youssef, Fatma M. Shahat and Mohamed N. Abd El-Ghany contributed equally with all other contributors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biophysics Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Farida Ah. Fouad

  2. School of Biotechnology and Science Academy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt

    Donia G. Youssef

  3. Chemistry/Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

    Fatma M. Shahat

  4. Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

    Mohamed N. Abd El-Ghany

Authors
  1. Farida Ah. Fouad
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  2. Donia G. Youssef
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  3. Fatma M. Shahat
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  4. Mohamed N. Abd El-Ghany
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed N. Abd El-Ghany .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt

    Gomaa A. M. Ali

  2. Vice President of Advanced Material Research,, Stanley Black & Decker, Inc, Connecticut, USA

    Abdel Salam H. Makhlouf

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Fouad, F.A., Youssef, D.G., Shahat, F.M., Abd El-Ghany, M.N. (2023). Role of Microorganisms in Biodegradation of Pollutants. In: Ali, G.A.M., Makhlouf, A.S.H. (eds) Handbook of Biodegradable Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09710-2_11

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