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Exercise: A Critical Component of Cachexia Prevention and Therapy in Cancer

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The Systemic Effects of Advanced Cancer

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Abstract

Cachexia is a condition characterized by loss of body weight as a result of chronic disease. In the setting of cancer, cachexia is more commonly observed in late stage and metastatic disease and the loss of body weight is attributed to varying combinations of muscle wasting and loss of adipose tissue. Cancer cachexia is a clinically relevant medical issue and is estimated to account for up to 20% of cancer mortality. Additionally, cachexia in cancer patients is associated with reduced tolerance to tumor-directed therapies. Cross-sectional studies support the observation that people with greater levels of physical activity and exercise habits have lower risk of a cancer diagnosis, as well as a lower risk for cancer recurrence. Exercise recommendations for patients with cancer do not differ from those of healthy adults, and patients should strive to be as physically active as their condition allows. The purpose of this chapter is to define cachexia and identify clinical parameters used to diagnose this condition, discuss recommendations for exercise prescription in cancer patients, and provide an overview of the expected physiological responses to both aerobic and resistance training in cancer patients, in order to have a positive impact on the incidence and prevalence of cachexia. In general, aerobic exercise training is not associated with significant increases in body mass or in reversal of body weight loss in cancer patients. In contrast, studies do suggest that resistance exercise training has a role in maintenance or prevention of the onset of cachexia in cancer patients, although differing responses may occur between different cancer types. Therefore, we suggest that structured exercise programs in patients with cancer include resistance training to take advantage of these effects on lean body mass and muscle functional capacity.

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  1. Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Emidio E. Pistilli & David A. Stanton

  2. Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Emidio E. Pistilli & Hannah E. Wilson

  3. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Emidio E. Pistilli

  4. West Virginia Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Emidio E. Pistilli

Authors
  1. Emidio E. Pistilli
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  2. Hannah E. Wilson
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  3. David A. Stanton
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Correspondence to Emidio E. Pistilli .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Swarnali Acharyya

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Pistilli, E.E., Wilson, H.E., Stanton, D.A. (2022). Exercise: A Critical Component of Cachexia Prevention and Therapy in Cancer. In: Acharyya, S. (eds) The Systemic Effects of Advanced Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09518-4_11

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