Abstract
Pain feeling assessment is crucial for a safe and efficient course of physiotherapy. Especially onset of severe pain stands for specific tissue guard and protects it from damage. In this study, an approach for automatic pain level recognition is described. Biomedical signals (EMG, BVP, EDA) and video data of a head pose are analyzed in patients undergoing fascial therapy. The impact of video data and their fusion with biomedical data is tested for the system’s performance. Decision trees and random forest are applied for classification, yielding an accuracy of 0.85. The energy of the EMG signal turned out to be a highly discriminative feature that dominated the weak classifier. Video features impact the classification results in ensembled methods.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aqajari, S.A.H., et al.: Pain assessment tool with electrodermal activity for postoperative patients: method validation study. JMIR mHealth uHealth 9(5), e25–258 (2021)
Badura, A., Bieńkowska, M., Masłowska, A., Czarlewski, R., Myśliwiec, A., Pietka, E.: Multimodal signal acquisition for pain assessment in physiotherapy. In: Pietka, E., Badura, P., Kawa, J., Wieclawek, W. (eds.) Information Technology in Biomedicine. AISC, vol. 1186, pp. 227–237. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49666-1_18
Badura, A., Masłowska, A., Myśliwiec, A., Piętka, E.: Multimodal signal analysis for pain recognition in physiotherapy using wavelet scattering transform. Sensors 21(4), 1311 (2021)
Benedek, M., Kaernbach, C.: Decomposition of skin conductance data by means of nonnegative deconvolution. Psychophysiology 47(4), 647–658 (2010)
Breiman, L.: Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45(1), 5–32 (2001)
Cram, J.R., Steger, J.C.: Emg scanning in the diagnosis of chronic pain. Biofeedback Self-regul. 8(2), 229–241 (1983)
Greco, A., Marzi, C., Lanata, A., Scilingo, E.P., Vanello, N.: Combining electrodermal activity and speech analysis towards a more accurate emotion recognition system. In: 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), pp. 229–232 (2019)
Greco, A., Valenza, G., Lanata, A., Scilingo, E.P., Citi, L.: cvxEDA: a convex optimization approach to electrodermal activity processing. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 63(4), 797–804 (2016)
Haque, M.A., et al.: Deep multimodal pain recognition: a database and comparison of spatio-temporal visual modalities. In: 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018), pp. 250–257. IEEE (2018)
Hinduja, S., Canavan, S., Kaur, G.: Multimodal fusion of physiological signals and facial action units for pain recognition. In: 2020 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2020), pp. 577–581. IEEE (2020)
Jones, M.J., Viola, P., et al.: Robust real-time object detection. In: Workshop on statistical and computational theories of vision, vol. 266, p. 56 (2001)
Lim, H., Kim, B., Noh, G.J., Yoo, S.K.: A deep neural network-based pain classifier using a photoplethysmography signal. Sensors 19(2), 384 (2019)
Lopez-Martinez, D., Peng, K., Lee, A., Borsook, D., Picard, R.: Pain detection with FNIRS-measured brain signals: a personalized machine learning approach using the wavelet transform and bayesian hierarchical modeling with dirichlet process priors. In: 2019 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW), pp. 304–309. IEEE (2019)
Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Prkachin, K.M., Solomon, P.E., Matthews, I.: Painful data: The UNBC-McMaster shoulder pain expression archive database. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG), pp. 57–64. IEEE (2011)
Naeini, E.K., et al.: Pain recognition with electrocardiographic features in postoperative patients: method validation study. J. Med. Internet Res. 23(5), e25–079 (2021)
Salekin, M.S., Zamzmi, G., Goldgof, D., Kasturi, R., Ho, T., Sun, Y.: Multimodal spatio-temporal deep learning approach for neonatal postoperative pain assessment. Comput. Biol. Med. 129, 104–150 (2021)
Shi, J., et al.: Good features to track. In: 1994 Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 8–10. IEEE (1994)
Terkelsen, A.J., Mølgaard, H., Hansen, J., Andersen, O.K., Jensen, T.S.: Acute pain increases heart rate: differential mechanisms during rest and mental stress. Auton. Neurosci. 121(1–2), 101–109 (2005)
Tomasi, C., Kanade, T.: Detection and tracking of point. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 9, 137–154 (1991)
Velana, M., Gruss, S., Layher, G., Thiam, P., Zhang, Y., Schork, D., Kessler, V., Meudt, S., Neumann, H., Kim, J., Schwenker, F., André, E., Traue, H.C., Walter, S.: The SenseEmotion database: a multimodal database for the development and systematic validation of an automatic pain- and emotion-recognition system. In: Schwenker, F., Scherer, S. (eds.) MPRSS 2016. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10183, pp. 127–139. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59259-6_11
Walter, S., et al.: The biovid heat pain database data for the advancement and systematic validation of an automated pain recognition system. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics (CYBCO), pp. 128–131. IEEE (2013)
Werner, P., Al-Hamadi, A., Limbrecht, K., Walter, S., Gruss, S., Traue, H.C.: Automatic pain assessment with facial activity descriptors. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 8, 286–299 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAFFC.2016.2537327
Werner, P., Lopez-Martinez, D., Walter, S., Al-Hamadi, A., Gruss, S., Picard, R.: Automatic recognition methods supporting pain assessment: a survey. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 1 (2019)
Williams, A.C.D.C.: Facial expression of pain: an evolutionary account. Behav. Brain Sci. 25(4), 439–455 (2002)
Zamzmi, G., Pai, C.Y., Goldgof, D., Kasturi, R., Ashmeade, T., Sun, Y.: An approach for automated multimodal analysis of infants’ pain. In: 2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 4148–4153. IEEE (2016)
Zhang, X., et al.: Bp4d-spontaneous: a high-resolution spontaneous 3d dynamic facial expression database. Image Vis. Comput. 32(10), 692–706 (2014)
Zhi, R., Zhou, C., Yu, J., Li, T., Zamzmi, G.: Multimodal-based stream integrated neural networks for pain assessment. IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. 104(12), 2184–2194 (2021)
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Polish-German grant in the field of DIGITIZATION of ECONOMY: ‘Multimodal Platform for Pain Monitoring in Physiotherapy’ (grant number WPN-3/1/2019).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bieńkowska, M., Badura, A., Myśliwiec, A., Pietka, E. (2022). Head Pose and Biomedical Signals Analysis in Pain Level Recognition. In: Pietka, E., Badura, P., Kawa, J., Wieclawek, W. (eds) Information Technology in Biomedicine. ITIB 2022. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1429. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09135-3_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09135-3_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-09134-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-09135-3
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)