Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetes

Mosquera-Sulbarán, Jesús A.; Hernández-Fonseca, Juan Pablo

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08014-2_8

Jesús A. Mosquera-Sulbarán⁵ &
Juan Pablo Hernández-Fonseca⁵

Part of the book series: Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications ((BDMDA))

1075 Accesses

Abstract

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the product of the interaction of sugars and other glycation inducers with proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These compounds have several mechanisms of action. They can alter the biology of organic molecules. Proteins that have been glycated can lose their normal functions and become dysfunctional, as the case of collagen glycation, which can increase the stiffness of the vascular system with consequent dysfunction. AGEs can act on their receptors (RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end products) and activate intracellular signaling pathways leading to nuclear translocation to the transcription factor NF-kB, which induces nuclear activation to produce various inflammatory compounds and oxidative stress. In addition, receptors for AGEs can be stimulated by non-glycated compounds such as S100/calgranulins isoforms, β-amyloid, amphoterin, advanced oxidation protein products, and ligands implicated in vascular injury. These interactions are related to various diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, diseases related to chronic inflammation, and alteration of the vascular system. In diabetes, AGEs induce damage in different systems including the cardiovascular, renal, nervous, and retinal systems mainly mediated by the mechanisms mentioned above. For all these pathological processes involving the AGE/RAGE axis, the use of therapeutic strategies to diminish its effects remains of great interest.

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Abbreviations

AGEs:: Advanced glycation end products
AGE-R1, AGE-R2, or AGE-R3:: Advanced glycation end products receptors
Ang II:: Angiotensin II
Bcl-2:: B-cell lymphoma 2
CKD:: Chronic kidney disease
CML:: N(carboxymethyl)lysine
CNS:: Central nervous system
DR:: Diabetic retinopathy
ECM:: Extracellular matrix
ERK:: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2
ERM family:: Ezrin, Radixin, and Moesin
GLAP:: Glyceraldehyde-derived pyridinium compound
Glo1:: Glyoxalase 1
GSK3:: Glycogen synthase kinase-3
HIF-1α:: Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha
ICAM-1:: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IL-6:: Interleukin-6
LDL:: Low-density lipoproteins
LFA-1:: Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
MAPK:: Mitogen-activated protein kinase
NF-Kb:: Transcription factor kappa B
NO:: Nitric oxide
Nrf2:: NF-E2-related transcription factor 2
RAGEs:: Advanced glycation end products receptors
RAS:: Renin angiotensin system
S-100:: Proteins belong to a family of intracellular acidic, low-molecular-weight, and calcium-binding
TGF-β:: Transforming growth factor beta
TNF-α:: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
VCAM-1:: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
Wnt:: Signaling pathways which begin with proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.

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Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas Dr. Américo Negrette, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
Jesús A. Mosquera-Sulbarán & Juan Pablo Hernández-Fonseca

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Jesús A. Mosquera-Sulbarán
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Juan Pablo Hernández-Fonseca
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School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
Vinood B. Patel
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
Victor R. Preedy

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Mosquera-Sulbarán, J.A., Hernández-Fonseca, J.P. (2023). Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetes. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08014-2_8

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Published: 30 September 2022
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