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Proteomic Biomarkers: What They Are and How Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Has Similarities with Other Diseases

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Biomarkers in Diabetes

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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most frequent form of diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin release. Its prevalence has shown remarkable expansion worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Diabetic complications comprise kidney disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Moreover, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurologic diseases have shared common pathways with T2DM. Proteomics is a technology involved in the quantification of overall proteins present in biological samples, as well as the study of their structures, functions, and interactions. Consequently, proteomics could be considered as the most relevant information to characterize a biological system and to propose new candidate biomarkers. This chapter goes on to discuss proteomic studies in order to characterize the T2DM profile, as well as the proteins commonly observed in T2DM, its complications, and other diseases.

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Abbreviations

2D PAGE:

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AGEs:

Advanced glycation end products

Apo:

Apolipoprotein

CD163:

Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130

CFAH :

Complement factor H

CILP2:

Cartilage intermediate layer protein 2

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

CTSD:

Cathepsin D

CVDs:

Cardiovascular diseases

DAF:

Decay-accelerating factor

DKD:

Diabetic kidney disease

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

eGFR:

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

eGPx:

Extracellular glutathione peroxidase

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

GAL4:

Galectin-4

Hb1Ac:

Glycated hemoglobin A1c

HFpEF:

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

HOMA-IR:

Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance

IGFB2:

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2

InR:

Insulin-like receptor

L1CAM:

L1 cell adhesion molecule

LC:

Liquid chromatography

MCI:

Mild cognitive impairment

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

MS:

Mass spectrometry

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

NAFLD:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

NGAL:

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin

OR:

Odds ratio

PAD:

Peripheral artery disease

PIP:

Prolactin-induced protein

PMCA:

Plasma membrane Ca + 2 ATPase

RLS:

Restless leg syndrome

STAT:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

THBS2:

Thrombospondin-2

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

    Karina Braga Gomes

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  1. Karina Braga Gomes
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Correspondence to Karina Braga Gomes .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

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Gomes, K.B. (2023). Proteomic Biomarkers: What They Are and How Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Has Similarities with Other Diseases. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08014-2_16

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