Abstract
Indonesia’s international development evolved from the conjunction of political, economic, and socio-cultural cooperation of its South–South Cooperation and North–South Cooperation. These cooperations have generated specific structures and shaped the ideas, motivations, identity, norms, and mechanisms of Indonesia in international development. However, domestic political conditions also affirm the trajectory of Indonesia’s international development policy. This raises the question of how the Indonesian Government and its leaders have constructed and materialised its international development policies within global development cooperation. This chapter intends to examine the roles of Indonesia in international development cooperation. First, it explores the history, and how development cooperation experiences began in the aftermath of the 1945 independence from the Dutch and the Bandung Conference in 1955. Despite the peculiarity of its principles including mutual benefit and solidarity in Indonesia’s South–South Cooperation, the normative narrative extends to knowledge sharing in development cooperation. Second, it critically reviews current conditions as a rising power country and the changes occurring as to how Indonesia institutionalised its development cooperation within their national system. It also examines Indonesia’s implementation, modalities, and specific contents of cooperation in international development, including exposing development success stories in its international development programme. This chapter concludes with implications of Indonesia’s development cooperation structures of narratives and implementations that stimulate critical debates on its position in international development.
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Notes
- 1.
Pancasila or the five state principles are divinity to God (pluralism of monotheism), humanitarianism or internationalism, national unity (nationalism), representative democracy, and social justice (social welfare).
- 2.
Joko Widodo stated that ‘We also feel the global injustice when a group of established nations are reluctant to recognise that the world has changed. The view that world economic problems can only be solved by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the ADB is an outdated view. I am of the view that the management of the global economy cannot be left only to the three international financial institutions. We must build a new global economic order that is open to new emerging economic power. We push for a reform of the global financial architecture to eliminate the domination of one group of countries over other countries (GOI, 2015a).
- 3.
Indonesia launches Indo-AID international assistance agency, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/10/19/indonesia-launches-indo-aid-international-assistance-agency.html.
- 4.
CEAPAD was established in 2013 and initiated by Japan to support Palestinian independence, with participating countries and organisations including Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Vietnam, Egypt, Brunei, IsDB, UN Relief Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA), Arab League, the World Bank, and the Office of the Quartet (https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2012/130319_02.html; https://www.kemlu.go.id/en/berita/Pages/To-Host-CEAPAD,-RI-Reaffirms-Commitment-to-Support-Palestinians-Self-reliance.aspx; https://www.mofa.go.jp/me_a/me1/palestine/page3e_000879.html.
- 5.
https://www.oic-oci.org/home/?lan=en (accessed 1 November 2021).
- 6.
- 7.
What is Indonesia—Africa Infrastructure Dialogue (https://iaid.kemlu.go.id/about/what-is-the-iaid, accessed on 24 November 2021).
- 8.
The aid included loans, gifts, and agricultural supplies, as well as a military support programme (Van Der Eng, 1988).
- 9.
Australia gave through the Colombo Plan, which Indonesia joined in 1953 (Hindley, 1963).
- 10.
The Indonesian Government still considered traditional donors its significant partners in SSC programmes. Indonesia acknowledged cooperation with traditional donors in its SSC through Triangular Cooperation, which is discussed further in Chapter 6. The support conducted through the Triangular Cooperation programme included establishing a National Coordination Team (NCT) on SSTC, which also facilitated Triangular Cooperation with traditional donors (NCT–SSTC, 2015, 2016). However, the term ‘SSTC’ was changed to ‘SSC’ in 2018, as suggested by MOFA, to mark the transition period for strengthening the national management of SSC that was embedded into the state system (NCT, 2018).
- 11.
- 12.
RI, China to strengthen economic cooperation, The Jakarta Post, 28 January 2015, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/28/ri-china-strengthen-economic-cooperation.html; Jokowi between BRICS and a hard place: The Jakarta Post columnist, https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/jokowi-between-brics-and-a-hard-place-the-jakarta-post-columnist; Indonesia forecasts multibillion-dollar belt and road investment in four growth regions, https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/3008036/indonesia-forecasts-multibillion-dollar-belt-and-road.
- 13.
The AIIB established by the Chinese Government in 2014 and has stimulated much debate as to how it is challenging the roles of existing MDBs (Wang, 2017). In contrast, members of the AIIB, which consist of countries beyond BRICS, including other Southern countries and the European, the Pacific, and the Latin American countries, have recognised the expansion of its cooperation. The new bank’s framework, as argue by Lin and Wang (2017), refers to the beyond-Keynesian approach in indentifying the expanding role of the state in the global level of structural adjustment programme in infrastructure sector. The infrastructure model of cooperation also expands to ‘one belt, one road’ (one Silk Road economic belt and one maritime Silk Road) across Asia. This programme refers to the ideology of the shared prosperity vision based on Zhou Enlai’s Peaceful Co-existence and Confucianism’s moral vision (Kilby, 2017; Lin & Wang, 2017).
- 14.
- 15.
The Mint countries: Next economic giants? BBC Online. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25548060 (accessed on 10 September 2021).
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Tahalele, M.P. (2022). The Politics of Indonesia’s Development Cooperation: Between Ideas, Institutions, and Structures. In: Parlar Dal, E. (eds) G20 Rising Powers in the Changing International Development Landscape. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07857-6_3
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