Root Systems of Agricultural Crops and Their Response to Physical and Chemical Subsoil Constraints

Costa, Mirian Cristina Gomes; Coutinho, Ítalo Antônio Cotta

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-00317-2_10

Mirian Cristina Gomes Costa³ &
Ítalo Antônio Cotta Coutinho⁴

561 Accesses
6 Citations

Abstract

Physical and chemical soil constraints in the subsoil limit crop yield by affecting root development and the uptake of both water and nutrients. Hence, improved knowledge of the characteristics of the root systems of the main cultivated species and the potential for the root system to overcome subsoil constraints is vital for crop production. Here, we review the root systems of widely cultivated species and their response to physical and chemical constraints, particularly in subsoils. For most agricultural and horticultural species studied, roots are concentrated in the top 20 cm depth, but 20–30% of the root system commonly grows below this depth. Physical restrictions caused by soil compaction reduce root biomass, density and length, besides limiting root exploitation depth. Some species such as rapeseed and black mustard may alleviate soil compaction, making the subsoil more suitable for roots of other crops. Plant root systems are negatively affected by constraints that are often present in the subsoil such as excess of aluminium, heavy metals and salts. However, deficiencies of N, P, K as well as micronutrients also impair plant root growth. Mechanized tillage systems, more tolerant genotypes, association with soil microorganisms, exudation of organic acids by roots and adequate nutrient supply are among the strategies that allow a better root development and function, enabling improved crop growth with subsoil constraints.

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Soil Science Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
Mirian Cristina Gomes Costa
Biology Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
Ítalo Antônio Cotta Coutinho

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Teogenes Senna de Oliveira
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Richard Willian Bell

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Costa, M.C.G., Coutinho, Í.A.C. (2022). Root Systems of Agricultural Crops and Their Response to Physical and Chemical Subsoil Constraints. In: Oliveira, T.S.d., Bell, R.W. (eds) Subsoil Constraints for Crop Production . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00317-2_10

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00317-2_10
Published: 04 August 2022
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-00314-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-00317-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)

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