Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Botulinum Toxin in Dentistry and Treatment of Chronic Orofacial Pain

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Pain Disorders

  • 467 Accesses

Abstract

Chronic pain of the hard and soft tissues of the face and oral cavity is generally known as orofacial pain (OFP). OFP is a major issue in dentistry and an area of therapeutic challenge for practicing dentists. Due to the unique characteristics of this region and the psychosocial and emotional issues affecting individuals with OFP, access to a safe, conservative, and effective treatment is essential, especially considering that the existing pharmacological options have been inefficient in many patients. Disorders causing OFP with relevance to dentistry are discussed under musculoskeletal, neuropathic, and idiopathic subtypes in this chapter. After describing definitions, classifications, epidemiologic data, and conventional treatments on each entity, we examine the current literature on the effectiveness of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in alleviating OFP separately for each disorder and present the applied doses, injection points, and administration routes reported in clinical studies. Despite the limited research on chronic OFP, the preliminary reports of BoNT efficacy are promising and offer the potential to improve pain relief in patients’ refractory to conventional treatments. Further high-quality, large well-designed, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials with long follow-up periods are needed to determine the effectiveness of BoNT in the wide range of disorders causing OFP.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Change history

  • 12 August 2022

    This chapter was incorrectly published with a mistake in Chapter 16. The names of three co-authors which should have been added to the chapter were left out.

References

  1. Korczeniewska OA, France K, Khan J, Greenberg MS, Benoliel R, Eliav E. Neuropathic Orofacial Pain. In: Glick M, Greenberg MS, Lockhart PB, Challacombe SJ, editors. Burket’s Oral Medicine 13th ed. Wiley; 2021.p. 419–52.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Nagakura Y, Nagaoka S, Kurose T. Potential molecular targets for treating neuropathic orofacial pain based on current findings in animal models. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(12):6406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126406. PMID: 34203854; PMCID: PMC8232571

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, Cohen M, Evers S, Finnerup NB, First MB, Giamberardino MA, Kaasa S, Kosek E, Lavand’homme P, Nicholas M, Perrot S, Scholz J, Schug S, Smith BH, Svensson P, Vlaeyen JWS, Wang SJ. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015;156(6):1003–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160. PMID: 25844555; PMCID: PMC4450869

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Ananthan S, Benoliel R. Chronic orofacial pain. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2020;127(4):575–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-020-02157-3. Epub 2020 Mar 4. PMID: 32130516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Benoliel R, Svensson P, Evers S, Wang SJ, Barke A, Korwisi B, Rief W, Treede RD. IASP taskforce for the Classification of Chronic Pain. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic secondary headache or orofacial pain. Pain. 2019;160(1):60–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001435. PMID: 30586072

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tait RC, Ferguson M, Herndon CM. Chronic orofacial pain: burning mouth syndrome and other neuropathic disorders. J Pain Manag Med. 2017;3(1):120. Epub 2017 Jan 30. PMID: 28638895; PMCID: PMC5475277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Sharav Y, Benoliel R, editors. Orofacial pain and headache. Quintessence Publishing Company, Incorporated; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kennedy R, Abd-Elsayed A. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classification of chronic pain syndromes. In: Pain. Cham: Springer; 2019. p. 1101–3.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. International Classification of Orofacial Pain. 1st edition (ICOP). Cephalalgia. 2020;40(2):129–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419893823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Muñoz Lora VR, Del Bel Cury AA, Jabbari B, Lacković Z. Botulinum toxin type a in dental medicine. J Dent Res. 2019;98(13):1450–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034519875053. Epub 2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31533008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ettlin DA, Napimoga MH, Meira E, Cruz M, Clemente-Napimoga JT. Orofacial musculoskeletal pain: an evidence-based bio-psycho-social matrix model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;128:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.008. Epub 2021 Jun 9. PMID: 34118294

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Jessri M, Sultan AS, Tavares T, Schug S. Central mechanisms of pain in orofacial pain patients: implications for management. J Oral Pathol Med. 2020;49(6):476–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.13062. Epub 2020 Jul 2. PMID: 32539196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sessle BJ. Chronic orofacial pain: models, mechanisms, and genetic and related environmental influences. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):7112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137112. PMID: 34281164; PMCID: PMC8268972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, Look J, Anderson G, Goulet JP, List T, Svensson P, Gonzalez Y, Lobbezoo F, Michelotti A, Brooks SL, Ceusters W, Drangsholt M, Ettlin D, Gaul C, Goldberg LJ, Haythornthwaite JA, Hollender L, Jensen R, John MT, De Laat A, de Leeuw R, Maixner W, van der Meulen M, Murray GM, Nixdorf DR, Palla S, Petersson A, Pionchon P, Smith B, Visscher CM, Zakrzewska J, Dworkin SF, International RDC/TMD Consortium Network, International association for Dental Research; Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group, International Association for the Study of Pain. Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group†. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2014;28(1):6–27. https://doi.org/10.11607/jop.1151. PMID: 24482784; PMCID: PMC4478082

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Gil-Martínez A, Paris-Alemany A, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I, La Touche R. Management of pain in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD): challenges and solutions. J Pain Res. 2018;11:571–87. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S127950. PMID: 29588615; PMCID: PMC5859913

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Nouged E, Dajani J, Ku B, Al-Eryani K, Padilla M, Enciso R. Local anesthetic injections for the short-term treatment of head and neck myofascial pain syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2019;33(2):183–98. https://doi.org/10.11607/ofph.2277. Epub 2019 Mar 20. PMID: 30893405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Schwartz M, Freund B. Treatment of temporomandibular disorders with botulinum toxin. Clin J Pain. 2002;18(6 Suppl):S198–203. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200211001-00013. PMID: 12569969

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. de Lima MC, Rizzatti Barbosa CM, Duarte Gavião MB, Ferreira Caria PH. Is low dose of botulinum toxin effective in controlling chronic pain in sleep bruxism, awake bruxism, and temporomandibular disorder? Cranio. 2021:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2021.1973215. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34488556

  19. Bogucki ZA, Kownacka M. Clinical aspects of the use of botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of dysfunction of the masticatory system. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2016;25(3):569–73. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/41923. PMID: 27629747

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Batifol D, Huart A, Finiels PJ, Nagot N, Jammet P. Effect of intra-articular botulinum toxin injections on temporo-mandibular joint pain. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;119(4):319–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2018.06.002. Epub 2018 Jun 8. PMID: 29885911

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Najafi S, Sanati E, Khademi M, Abdorrazaghi F, Mofrad RK, Rezasoltani Z. Intra-articular botulinum toxin type A for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: clinical trial. Toxicon. 2019;165:69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.003. Epub 2019 Apr 14. PMID: 30995453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. De la Torre CG, Alvarez-Pinzon N, Muñoz-Lora VRM, Vieira Peroni L, Farias Gomes A, Sánchez-Ayala A, Haiter-Neto F, Manfredini D, Rizzatti-Barbosa CM. Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type a on persistent myofascial pain: a randomized clinical trial. Toxins (Basel). 2020;12(6):395. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060395. PMID: 32549196; PMCID: PMC7354430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Patel AA, Lerner MZ, Blitzer A. IncobotulinumtoxinA injection for temporomandibular joint disorder. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2017;126(4):328–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489417693013. Epub 2017 Feb 1. PMID: 28290229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. French J, Gronseth G. Lost in a jungle of evidence: we need a compass. Neurology. 2008;71(20):1634–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000336533.19610.1b. PMID: 19001254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gronseth G, French J. Practice parameters and technology assessments: what they are, what they are not, and why you should care. Neurology. 2008;71(20):1639–43. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000336535.27773.c0. PMID: 19001255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Awan KH, Patil S, Alamir AWH, Maddur N, Arakeri G, Carrozzo M, Brennan PA. Botulinum toxin in the management of myofascial pain associated with temporomandibular dysfunction. J Oral Pathol Med. 2019;48(3):192–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12822. Epub 2019 Jan 25. PMID: 30604895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Thambar S, Kulkarni S, Armstrong S, Nikolarakos D. Botulinum toxin in the management of temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;58(5):508–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.02.007. Epub 2020 Mar 3. PMID: 32143934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Machado D, Martimbianco ALC, Bussadori SK, Pacheco RL, Riera R, Santos EM. Botulinum toxin type A for painful temporomandibular disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain. 2020;21(3–4):281–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2019.08.011. Epub 2019 Sep 9. PMID: 31513934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Khawaja SN, Scrivani SJ, Holland N, Keith DA. Effectiveness, safety, and predictors of response to botulinum toxin type a in refractory masticatory myalgia: a retrospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;75(11):2307–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2017.01.031. PMID: 29078865

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Abboud WA, Hassin-Baer S, Joachim M, Givol N, Yahalom R. Localized myofascial pain responds better than referring myofascial pain to botulinum toxin injections. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;46(11):1417–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2017.04.020. Epub 2017 May 15. PMID: 28521968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Villa S, Raoul G, Machuron F, Ferri J, Nicot R. Improvement in quality of life after botulinum toxin injection for temporomandibular disorder. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;120(1):2–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2018.10.007. Epub 2018 Oct 29. PMID: 30385428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Montes-Carmona JF, Gonzalez-Perez LM, Infante-Cossio P. Treatment of localized and referred masticatory myofascial pain with botulinum toxin injection. Toxins (Basel). 2020;13(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010006. PMID: 33374687; PMCID: PMC7822413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chaurand J, Godínez-Victoria M, Tellez-Girón A, Facio-Umaña JA, Jimenez-Ponce F. Incobotulinum toxin type A for treatment of chronic myofascial pain. J Oral Sci. 2020;63(1):37–40. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.20-0090. Epub 2020 Dec 9. PMID: 33298638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yoshida K. Effects of botulinum toxin type a on pain among trigeminal neuralgia, myofascial temporomandibular disorders, and Oromandibular dystonia. Toxins (Basel). 2021;13(9):605. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090605. PMID: 34564609; PMCID: PMC8471742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Goldstein G, DeSantis L, Goodacre C. Bruxism: best evidence consensus statement. J Prosthodont. 2021;30(S1):91–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13308. PMID: 33331675

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. De la Torre CG, Poluha RL, Lora VM, Araújo Oliveira Ferreira DM, Stuginski-Barbosa J, Bonjardim LR, Cury AADB, Conti PCR. Botulinum toxin type A applications for masticatory myofascial pain and trigeminal neuralgia: what is the evidence regarding adverse effects? Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(9):3411–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03026-4. Epub 2019 Jul 24. PMID: 31342244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kim HS, Yun PY, Kim YK. A clinical evaluation of botulinum toxin-a injections in the temporomandibular disorder treatment. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;38(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-016-0051-7. PMID: 26855937; PMCID: PMC4729782

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Thomas NJ, Aronovich S. Does adjunctive botulinum toxin a reduce pain scores when combined with temporomandibular joint arthroscopy for the treatment of concomitant temporomandibular joint arthralgia and myofascial pain? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;75(12):2521–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2017.04.011. Epub 2017 Apr 19. PMID: 28500876

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Altaweel AA, Elsayed SA, Baiomy AABA, Abdelsadek SE, Hyder AA. Extraoral versus intraoral botulinum toxin type a injection for management of temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(7):2149–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000005658. PMID: 31232992

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lora VR, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Abdalla HB, Macedo CG, Canales GT, Barbosa CM. Botulinum toxin type A reduces inflammatory hypernociception induced by arthritis in the temporomadibular joint of rats. Toxicon. 2017;129:52–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.010. Epub 2017 Feb 14. PMID: 28209481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Glaros AG, Kato T, Koyano K, Lavigne GJ, de Leeuw R, Manfredini D, Svensson P, Winocur E. Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(1):2–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12011. Epub 2012 Nov 4. PMID: 23121262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Raphael KG, Wetselaar P, Glaros AG, Kato T, Santiago V, Winocur E, De Laat A, De Leeuw R, Koyano K, Lavigne GJ, Svensson P, Manfredini D. International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: report of a work in progress. J Oral Rehabil. 2018;45(11):837–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12663. Epub 2018 Jun 21. PMID: 29926505; PMCID: PMC6287494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Manfredini D, Ahlberg J, Wetselaar P, Svensson P, Lobbezoo F. The bruxism construct: from cut-off points to a continuum spectrum. J Oral Rehabil. 2019;46(11):991–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12833. Epub 2019 Jul 2. PMID: 31264730

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Boscato N, Nascimento GG, Leite FRM, Horta BL, Svensson P, Demarco FF. Role of occlusal factors on probable bruxism and orofacial pain: data from the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study. J Dent. 2021;113:103788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103788. Epub 2021 Aug 21. PMID: 34425171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Castrillon EE, Exposto FG. Sleep bruxism and pain. Dent Clin N Am. 2018;62(4):657–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2018.06.003. Epub 2018 Aug 14. PMID: 30189988

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Muzalev K, van Selms MK, Lobbezoo F. No dose-response association between self-reported bruxism and pain-related temporomandibular disorders: a retrospective study. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2018;32(4):375–80. https://doi.org/10.11607/ofph.2090. PMID: 30365573

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Van Zandijcke M, Marchau MM. Treatment of bruxism with botulinum toxin injections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53(6):530. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.6.530. PMID: 2380736; PMCID: PMC1014218

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Ågren M, Sahin C, Pettersson M. The effect of botulinum toxin injections on bruxism: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47(3):395–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12914. Epub 2019 Dec 15. PMID: 31769044

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Baldwin MC, Liu ZJ, Rafferty KL, Keith A, Tamasas B, Kaiyala K, Herring SW. Botulinum toxin in the masseter muscle: lingering effects of denervation. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2021; https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24756. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34486243

  50. Alwayli HM, Abdulrahman BI, Rastogi S. Does botulinum toxin have any role in the management of chronic pain associated with bruxism? Cranio. 2021:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2021.1949536. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34259618

  51. Klasser GD, Rei N, Lavigne GJ. Sleep bruxism etiology: the evolution of a changing paradigm. J Can Dent Assoc. 2015;81:f2. PMID: 25633110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Asutay F, Atalay Y, Asutay H, Acar AH. The evaluation of the clinical effects of botulinum toxin on nocturnal bruxism. Pain Res Manag. 2017;2017:6264146. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6264146. Epub 2017 Jul 5. PMID: 28757802; PMCID: PMC5516743

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Yurttutan ME, Tütüncüler Sancak K, Tüzüner AM. Which treatment is effective for bruxism: occlusal splints or botulinum toxin? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;77(12):2431–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2019.06.005. Epub 2019 Jun 19. PMID: 31302066

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ondo WG, Simmons JH, Shahid MH, Hashem V, Hunter C, Jankovic J. Onabotulinum toxin-A injections for sleep bruxism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2018;90(7):e559–64. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004951. Epub 2018 Jan 17. PMID: 29343468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Al-Wayli H. Treatment of chronic pain associated with nocturnal bruxism with botulinum toxin. A prospective and randomized clinical study. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(1):e112–7. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.53084. PMID: 28149474; PMCID: PMC5268105

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Kaya DI, Ataoglu H. Botulinum toxin treatment of temporomandibular joint pain in patients with bruxism: a prospective and randomized clinical study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2021;24(3):412–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_251_20. PMID: 33723117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jadhao VA, Lokhande N, Habbu SG, Sewane S, Dongare S, Goyal N. Efficacy of botulinum toxin in treating myofascial pain and occlusal force characteristics of masticatory muscles in bruxism. Indian J Dent Res. 2017;28(5):493–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_125_17. PMID: 29072209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Shim YJ, Lee HJ, Park KJ, Kim HT, Hong IH, Kim ST. Botulinum toxin therapy for managing sleep bruxism: a randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Toxins (Basel). 2020;12(3):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030168. PMID: 32182879; PMCID: PMC7150956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. De la Torre Canales G, Câmara-Souza MB, do Amaral CF, Garcia RC, Manfredini D. Is there enough evidence to use botulinum toxin injections for bruxism management? A systematic literature review. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(3):727–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2092-4. Epub 2017 Mar 2. PMID: 28255752

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Khan M, Nishi SE, Hassan SN, Islam MA, Gan SH. Trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: an update. Pain Res Manag. 2017;2017:7438326. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7438326. Epub 2017 Jul 30. PMID: 28827979; PMCID: PMC5554565

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Helmstaedter V, Wittekindt C, Huttenbrink KB, Guntinas-Lichius O. Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin therapy in otorhinolaryngology: experience from 1,000 treatments. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(5):790–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLG.0b013e318162cafc. PMID: 18300708

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bendtsen L, Zakrzewska JM, Abbott J, Braschinsky M, Di Stefano G, Donnet A, Eide PK, Leal PRL, Maarbjerg S, May A, Nurmikko T, Obermann M, Jensen TS, Cruccu G. European academy of neurology guideline on trigeminal neuralgia. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(6):831–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13950. Epub 2019 Apr 8. PMID: 30860637

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bendtsen L, Zakrzewska JM, Heinskou TB, Hodaie M, Leal PRL, Nurmikko T, Obermann M, Cruccu G, Maarbjerg S. Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(9):784–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30233-7. PMID: 32822636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Araya EI, Claudino RF, Piovesan EJ, Chichorro JG. Trigeminal neuralgia: basic and clinical aspects. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(2):109–19. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X17666191010094350. PMID: 31608834; PMCID: PMC7324879

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Liu J, Xu YY, Zhang QL, Luo WF. Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in treating patients of advanced age with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Pain Res Manag. 2018;2018:7365148. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7365148. PMID: 29849847; PMCID: PMC5907496

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Morra ME, Elgebaly A, Elmaraezy A, Khalil AM, Altibi AM, Vu TL, Mostafa MR, Huy NT, Hirayama K. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A therapy in trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-016-0651-8. Epub 2016 Jul 5. PMID: 27377706; PMCID: PMC4932020

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Matak I, Bach-Rojecky L, Filipović B, Lacković Z. Behavioral and immunohistochemical evidence for central antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin a. Neuroscience. 2011;186:201–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.026. Epub 2011 Apr 20. PMID: 21539899

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Wu C, Xie N, Lian Y, Xu H, Chen C, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Zhang H. Central antinociceptive activity of peripherally applied botulinum toxin type A in lab rat model of trigeminal neuralgia. Springerplus. 2016;5:431. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2071-2. PMID: 27104119; PMCID: PMC4828356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Waskitho A, Yamamoto Y, Raman S, Kano F, Yan H, Raju R, Afroz S, Morita T, Ikutame D, Okura K, Oshima M, Yamamoto A, Baba O, Matsuka Y. Peripherally administered botulinum toxin type a localizes bilaterally in trigeminal ganglia of animal model. Toxins (Basel). 2021;13(10):704. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100704. PMID: 34678997; PMCID: PMC8541196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Rubis A, Juodzbalys G. The use of botulinum toxin A in the Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia: a systematic literature review. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2020;11(2):e2. https://doi.org/10.5037/jomr.2020.11202. PMID: 32760475; PMCID: PMC7393930

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Ostrowski H, Roszak J, Komisarek O. Botulinum toxin type A as an alternative way to treat trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2019;53(5):327–34. https://doi.org/10.5603/PJNNS.a2019.0030. Epub 2019 Aug 9. PMID: 31397877

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Shackleton T, Ram S, Black M, Ryder J, Clark GT, Enciso R. The efficacy of botulinum toxin for the treatment of trigeminal and postherpetic neuralgia: a systematic review with meta-analyses. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;122(1):61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2016.03.003. Epub 2016 Mar 15. PMID: 27260275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hu Y, Guan X, Fan L, Li M, Liao Y, Nie Z, Jin L. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review. J Headache Pain. 2013;14(1):72. https://doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-14-72. PMID: 23964790; PMCID: PMC3765392

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Egeo G, Fofi L, Barbanti P. Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Front Neurol. 2020;11:716. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00716. PMID: 32849195; PMCID: PMC7431775

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Jabbari B. Botulinum toxin treatment of chronic facial pain: trigeminal neuralgia, temporomandibular disorders, and dental-related pain. In: Botulinum toxin treatment of pain disorders. New York: Springer; 2015. p. 137–52. ISBN 978-1-4939-2501-8.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Zúñiga C, Piedimonte F, Díaz S, Micheli F. Acute treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with onabotulinum toxin A. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2013;36(5):146–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e31829cb60e. PMID: 24045604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Li S, Lian YJ, Chen Y, Zhang HF, Ma YQ, He CH, Wu CJ, Xie NC, Zheng YK, Zhang Y. Therapeutic effect of Botulinum toxin-A in 88 patients with trigeminal neuralgia with 14-month follow-up. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-15-43. PMID: 24952600; PMCID: PMC4077143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Zhang H, Lian Y, Ma Y, Chen Y, He C, Xie N, Wu C. Two doses of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: observation of therapeutic effect from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-15-65. PMID: 25263254; PMCID: PMC4194456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Xia JH, He CH, Zhang HF, Lian YJ, Chen Y, Wu CJ, Ma YQ. Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Int J Neurosci. 2016;126(4):348–53. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2015.1019624. Epub 2015 Aug 18. PMID: 26000810

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Türk Börü Ü, Duman A, Bölük C, Coşkun Duman S, Taşdemir M. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: 6-month follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(39):e8133. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008133. PMID: 28953646; PMCID: PMC5626289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Zhang H, Lian Y, Xie N, Chen C, Zheng Y. Single-dose botulinum toxin type a compared with repeated-dose for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: a pilot study. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-017-0793-3. PMID: 28799056; PMCID: PMC5552618

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Gorimanipalli B, Elavarasi A, Goyal V, Goyal C, Shukla G, Behari M. Sustained effect of repeated botulinum toxin type A injections in trigeminal neuralgia. Neurol Clin Neurosci. 2019;7(6):318–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Caldera MC, Senanayake SJ, Perera SP, Perera NN, Gamage R, Gooneratne IK. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in trigeminal neuralgia in a South Asian Cohort. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2018;9(1):100–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_346_17. PMID: 29456352; PMCID: PMC5812131

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Crespi J, Bratbak D, Dodick DW, Matharu M, Jamtøy KA, Tronvik E. Pilot study of injection of OnabotulinumtoxinA toward the sphenopalatine ganglion for the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia. Headache. 2019;59(8):1229–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13608. Epub 2019 Jul 25. PMID: 31342515; PMCID: PMC6771650

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Zhang H, Lian Y, Xie N, Cheng X, Chen C, Xu H, Zheng Y. Factors affecting the therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin A on trigeminal neuralgia: a follow-up retrospective study of 152 patients. Exp Ther Med. 2019;18(5):3375–82. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7988. Epub 2019 Sep 9. PMID: 31602211; PMCID: PMC6777303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Yoshida K. Sphenopalatine ganglion block with botulinum neurotoxin for treating trigeminal neuralgia using CAD/CAM-derived injection guide. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2020;34(2):135–40. https://doi.org/10.11607/ofph.2510. Epub 2019 Sep 27. PMID: 31560737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Piovesan EJ, Teive HG, Kowacs PA, Della Coletta MV, Werneck LC, Silberstein SD. An open study of botulinum-A toxin treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology. 2005;65(8):1306–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000180940.98815.74. PMID: 16247065

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Safarpour Y, Jabbari B. Botulinum toxin treatment of pain syndromes -an evidence based review. Toxicon. 2018;147:120–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.017. Epub 2018 Feb 1. PMID: 29409817

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hecke O, Austin SK, Khan RA, et al. Neuropathic pain in the general population: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Pain. 2013;155(4):654–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Schutzer-Weissmann J, Farquhar-Smith P. Post-herpetic neuralgia – a review of current management and future directions. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017;18(16):1739–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2017.1392508. Epub 2017 Oct 26. PMID: 29025327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Benoliel R, Teich S, Eliav E. Painful traumatic trigeminal neuropathy. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2016;28(3):371–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2016.03.002. Erratum in: Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2016;28(4):xi. Rafael B [corrected to Benoliel R], Sorin T[ corrected to Teich S], Eli E [corrected to Eliav E]. PMID: 27475512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Meewis J, Renton T, Jacobs R, Politis C, Van der Cruyssen F. Post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy: correlation between objective and subjective assessments and a prediction model for neurosensory recovery. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01261-3. PMID: 34030632; PMCID: PMC8146662

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Shinoda M, Imamura Y, Hayashi Y, Noma N, Okada-Ogawa A, Hitomi S, Iwata K. Orofacial neuropathic pain-basic research and their clinical relevancies. Front Mol Neurosci. 2021;14:691396. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2021.691396. PMID: 34295221; PMCID: PMC8291146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Wan CF, Song T. Comparison of two different pulsed radiofrequency modes for prevention of Postherpetic neuralgia in elderly patients with acute/subacute trigeminal herpes zoster. Neuromodulation. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13457. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34008278

  95. Slavin KV. Peripheral nerve stimulation for neuropathic pain. Neurotherapeutics. 2008;5(1):100–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2007.11.005. PMID: 18164488; PMCID: PMC5084131

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Li D, Xiao L. Combining botulinum toxin (A) injection with peripheral nerve stimulation in a patient for intractable ophthalmic postherpetic neuralgia. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(8):769–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12311. Epub 2015 Jun 1. PMID: 26033071

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Rehm S, Groβkopf M, Kabelitz M, Keller T, Freynhagen R, Tölle TR, Baron R. Sensory symptom profiles differ between trigeminal and thoracolumbar postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Rep. 2018;3(1):e636. https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000636. PMID: 29430564; PMCID: PMC5802323

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Xiao L, Mackey S, Hui H, Xong D, Zhang Q, Zhang D. Subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin a is beneficial in postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Med. 2010;11(12):1827–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.01003.x. PMID: 21134121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Jain P, Jain M, Jain S. Subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin in patients with post herpetic neuralgia. A preliminary study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2018;66(7):48–9. PMID: 31325262

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Dhikav V, Anand KS, Sethi M, Verma G. Effectiveness of intradermal botulinum toxin in intractable postherpetic neuralgia. Innoriginal Int J Sci. 2016;3(5):4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Moreau N, Dieb W, Descroix V, Svensson P, Ernberg M, Boucher Y. Topical review: potential use of botulinum toxin in the management of painful posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathy. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2017;31(1):7–18. https://doi.org/10.11607/ofph.1753. PMID: 28118416

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Headache classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202. PMID: 29368949

  103. Yoon SH, Merrill RL, Choi JH, Kim ST. Use of botulinum toxin type A injection for neuropathic pain after trigeminal nerve injury. Pain Med. 2010;11(4):630–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00801.x. Epub 2010 Mar 4. PMID: 20210871

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Cuadrado ML, García-Moreno H, Arias JA, Pareja JA. Botulinum neurotoxin Type-A for the treatment of atypical odontalgia. Pain Med. 2016;17(9):1717–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnw040. Epub 2016 Apr 12. PMID: 27073225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Herrero Babiloni A, Kapos FP, Nixdorf DR. Intraoral administration of botulinum toxin for trigeminal neuropathic pain. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;121(6):e148–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2016.03.013. Epub 2016 Mar 23. PMID: 27181448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. De la Torre Canales G, Poluha RL, Ferreira DM, Stuginski-Barbosa J, Conti PC. Botulinum toxin-A injections as therapy for chronic painful post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy: case report. Braz Dent Sci. 2020;23(1):5-p. https://doi.org/10.14295/bds.2020.v23i1.1800

  107. Borges RD, Kraychete DC, Borges EL, Melo VM. Persistent idiopathic facial pain, a diagnosis and treatment of challenge. Case report. BrJP. 2018;1:279–82. https://doi.org/10.5935/2595-0118.20180053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Kim SY, Kim YK, Yun PY, Bae JH. Treatment of non-odontogenic orofacial pain using botulinum toxin-A: a retrospective case series study. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;40(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-018-0159-z. PMID: 30206537; PMCID: PMC6093826

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Moreno-Hay I, Mishra P, Okeson JP. Intraoral administration of botulinum toxin for continuous dentoalveolar neuropathic pain: a case series. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2019;33(2):160–4. https://doi.org/10.11607/ofph.2031. Epub 2019 Feb 6. PMID: 30726860

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. García-Sáez R, Gutiérrez-Viedma Á, González-García N, Gómez-Mayordomo V, Porta-Etessam J, Cuadrado ML. OnabotulinumtoxinA injections for atypical odontalgia: an open-label study on nine patients. J Pain Res. 2018;11:1583–8. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S169701. PMID: 30197533; PMCID: PMC6112804

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. McCarthy PJ, McClanahan S, Hodges J, Bowles WR. Frequency of localization of the painful tooth by patients presenting for an endodontic emergency. J Endod. 2010;36(5):801–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.12.035. Epub 2010 Mar 29. PMID: 20416423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Kaji K, Shinoda M, Honda K, Unno S, Shimizu N, Iwata K. Connexin 43 contributes to ectopic orofacial pain following inferior alveolar nerve injury. Mol Pain. 2016;12:1744806916633704. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744806916633704. PMID: 27030716; PMCID: PMC4955997

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Gerwin R. Chronic facial pain: trigeminal neuralgia, persistent idiopathic facial pain, and myofascial pain syndrome-an evidence-based narrative review and etiological hypothesis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(19):7012. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197012. PMID: 32992770; PMCID: PMC7579138

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Wu S, Zhang W, Yan J, Noma N, Young A, Yan Z. Worldwide prevalence estimates of burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13868. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33818878

  115. Chmieliauskaite M, Stelson EA, Epstein JB, Klasser GD, Farag A, Carey B, Albuquerque R, Mejia L, Ariyawardana A, Nasri-Heir C, Sardella A, Carlson C, Miller CS. Consensus agreement to rename burning mouth syndrome and improve International Classification of Diseases-11 disease criteria: an international Delphi study. Pain. 2021;162(10):2548–57. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002243. PMID: 34534179; PMCID: PMC8449012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Currie CC, Ohrbach R, De Leeuw R, Forssell H, Imamura Y, Jääskeläinen SK, Koutris M, Nasri-Heir C, Huann T, Renton T, Svensson P, Durham J. Developing a research diagnostic criteria for burning mouth syndrome: results from an international Delphi process. J Oral Rehabil. 2021;48(3):308–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.13123. Epub 2020 Nov 19. PMID: 33155292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Carreño-Hernández I, Cassol-Spanemberg J, Rodríguez de Rivera-Campillo E, Estrugo-Devesa A, López-López J. Is burning mouth syndrome a neuropathic pain disorder? A systematic review. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2021;35(3):218–29. https://doi.org/10.11607/ofph.2861. PMID: 34609380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Seo MW. Tardive tongue dyskinesia and burning mouth syndrome treated with botulinum toxin A: case report. Reactions. 2009;1258:27.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Restivo DA, Lauria G, Marchese-Ragona R, Vigneri R. Botulinum toxin for burning mouth syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(10):762–3. https://doi.org/10.7326/L16-0451. Epub 2017 Apr 11. PMID: 28395302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Kwon DK, Park HK. Effect of botulinum toxin injection and physical therapy to reduce tongue pain and discomfort. J Oral Med Pain. 2020;45(4):120–3. https://doi.org/10.14476/jomp.2020.45.4.120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Scala A, Checchi L, Montevecchi M, Marini I, Giamberardino MA. Update on burning mouth syndrome: overview and patient management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(4):275–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130301400405. PMID: 12907696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. de Siqueira SR, Teixeira MJ, de Siqueira JT. Orofacial pain and sensory characteristics of chronic patients compared with controls. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115(6):e37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2013.02.014. Epub 2013 May 1. PMID: 23643321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Yoon AH, Ryu JW. Masticatory muscle tenderness in burning mouth syndrome: a case control study. Oral Biol Res. 2019;43(1):83–7. https://doi.org/10.21851/obr.43.01.201903.83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Drinovac Vlah V, Bach-Rojecky L. What have we learned about antinociceptive effect of botulinum toxin type A from mirror-image pain models? Toxicon. 2020;185:164–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.014. Epub 2020 Jul 19. PMID: 32698026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam & Mojgan Alaeddini

  2. Professor Emeritus of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Bahman Jabbari

  3. Clinical Professor of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

    Bahman Jabbari

Authors
  1. Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mojgan Alaeddini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bahman Jabbari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Etemad-Moghadam, S., Alaeddini, M., Jabbari, B. (2022). Botulinum Toxin in Dentistry and Treatment of Chronic Orofacial Pain. In: Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Pain Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99650-5_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation