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Energy Recovery from Solid Waste

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Solid Waste Engineering and Management

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 25))

Abstract

The growing amount of solid waste (SW) and the related waste disposal problems urge the development of a more sustainable waste management practice. The organic wastes that are generated include food scraps, yard debris, paper, wood, and textile byproducts. According to most studies, almost all landfill gas is created by the breakdown of organic waste in combination with the naturally occurring bacteria in the soil that is used to cover the landfill. They are inevitably linked to the treatment and disposal of solid waste. In this instance, treatment is utilized to restore or recover important materials or energy, control waste generation, or manage trash disposal before it is deposited or discarded in landfills. A disposal site where solid trash, such as paper, glass, and metal, is buried between layers of dirt and other materials, such that land around the site is less contaminated. Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies are being developed globally. The essential concepts of available technologies and several specific technologies’ processes are summarized. Technologically sophisticated processes (e.g., plasma gasification) gain increased attention, with an emphasis on energy and material recovery potential. This chapter ends with a comparison of the various technologies, highlighting variables impacting their application and operational suitability. More budgetary allocation for technical support by the government is also recommended in this chapter. This will help to promote solid waste management by reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. It will also help to retain employees by providing a good wage, benefits, and training. As a result, WtE technologies have the potential to make a significant contribution to the growth of renewable energy while also reducing landfilling expenses and the associated environmental implications. However, deciding between the two options necessitates further financial, technological, and environmental examination using a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology.

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Abbreviations

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

C&D:

Construction and demolition

C&I:

Commercial and industrial waste

CBM:

Carbohydrate binding module

CD:

Catalytic domain

CHP:

Combined heat and power

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

EAP:

Environmental Action Plan

EG:

Endo-cellulase

FiT:

Feed-in tariff

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

HDI:

Human development index

HMF:

Hydroxymethyl furfural

IL:

Ionic liquids

LCA:

Life Cycle Assessment

MBT:

Mechanical Biological Treatment

MSW:

Municipal solid waste

NEM:

Net energy metering

PV:

Photovoltaic

RDF:

Refuse-derived fuel

REC:

Renewable Energy Consumption

SRF:

Solid recovered fuel

SW:

Solid waste

WtB:

Waste-to-bioproducts

WtE:

Waste-to-energy

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Rosnani Alkarimiah & Hamidi Abdul Aziz

  2. Bioprocess Technology, School of Technology Industry, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar

  3. Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Hamidi Abdul Aziz

  4. Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA

    P. Aarne Vesilind

  5. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  6. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

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  1. Rosnani Alkarimiah
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  2. Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
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Correspondence to Rosnani Alkarimiah .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Glossary

Blackwater

Water used to flush toilets, along with the human waste it flushes away.

Calorific Value

The calorific value of a substance is known as the number of calories produced when a unit amount of substance is fully oxidized. This value is measured using a bomb calorimeter. The calorific value of coal is calculated using the gross calorific value (HG), which includes latent heat of water vaporization.

Fossil Fuel

Coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil shale, bitumen, tar sands, and heavy oils are all examples of fossil fuels. All are carbon-based and were created because of geologic processes operating on the remains of photosynthesis-produced organic matter.

Greywater

Wastewaters from drains, tubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers.

MSW

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is classified as waste collected by the municipality or disposed of at a municipal waste disposal site. It includes residential, agricultural, institutional, commercial, and municipal waste, as well as waste from construction and demolition.

RDF

Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) is made from domestic and commercial waste, which contains both biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials. Non-combustible materials such as glass and metals are removed, and the resulting residue is shredded. At waste-to-energy recycling plants, refuse-derived fuel is used to produce electricity.

SRF

Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) is a high-quality alternative to fossil fuels made primarily from commercial waste such as paper, card, wood, textiles, and plastic. Solid recovered fuel has been further processed to increase its consistency and value. It has a higher calorific value than RDF and is used in cement kilns and other similar facilities.

Waste-to-Energy

Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is a term that refers to the method of producing energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from waste that has been sorted or processed into a fuel source. WtE is a method of reclaiming resources.

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Alkarimiah, R., Makhtar, M.M.Z., Aziz, H.A., Vesilind, P.A., Wang, L.K., Hung, YT. (2022). Energy Recovery from Solid Waste. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S., Hung, YT. (eds) Solid Waste Engineering and Management. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96989-9_5

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