Abstract
The present chapter aims at raising the awareness about: The frequent prevalence of the geriatric syndrome, which includes frailty, sarcopenia and malnutrition. The importance of a very early screening upon ICU admission. The importance of assessing the remaining muscle mass (lean body mass). The existing tools for determination of energy, protein and micronutrient needs and the necessity of introducing early enteral nutrition or alternatively oral nutrition supplements. The high prevalence of refeeding syndrome.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169.
Cerri AP, Bellelli G, Mazzone A, et al. Sarcopenia and malnutrition in acutely ill hospitalized elderly: prevalence and outcomes. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(4):745–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.08.015.
Robinson SM, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, et al. Does nutrition play a role in the prevention and management of sarcopenia? Clin Nutr. 2018;37(4):1121–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.08.016.
de Luis D, Lopez Guzman A. Nutrition Group of Society of C-L. Nutritional status of adult patients admitted to internal medicine departments in public hospitals in Castilla y Leon, Spain - a multi-center study. Eur J Intern Med. 2006;17(8):556–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2006.02.030.
Stover PJ. Vitamin B12 and older adults. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13(1):24–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e328333d157.
Rémond D, Shahar DR, Gille D, et al. Understanding the gastrointestinal tract of the elderly to develop dietary solutions that prevent malnutrition. Oncotarget. 2015;6(16):13858–98. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4030.
Marian M, Sacks G. Micronutrients and older adults. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009;24(2):179–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533609332177.
Ouchi Y, Rakugi H, Arai H, et al. Redefining the elderly as aged 75 years and older: proposal from the Joint Committee of Japan Gerontological Society and the Japan Geriatrics Society. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017;17(7):1045–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13118.
Guigoz Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature--what does it tell us? J Nutr Health Aging. 2006;10(6):466–85. discussion 485-7. (In eng) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17183419)
Deutz N, Matheson E, Matarese L, et al. Readmission and mortality in malnourished, older, hospitalized adults treated with a specialized oral nutritional supplement: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(1):18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.010.
Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD003288. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3.
Bastow M, Rawlings J, Allison S. Benefits of supplementary tube feeding after fractured neck of femur: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 1983;287:1589–92. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6416514/
Schuetz P, Fehr R, Baechli V, et al. Individualised nutritional support in medical inpatients at nutritional risk: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2019;393(10188):2312–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32776-4.
Soguel L, Revelly J, Schaller MD, Longchamp C, Berger MM. Energy deficit and length of hospital stay can be reduced by a two-step quality improvement of nutrition therapy: the intensive care unit dietitian can make the difference. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(2):412–9. (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822f0ad7.
Nabozny MJ, Barnato AE, Rathouz PJ, et al. Trajectories and prognosis of older patients who have prolonged mechanical ventilation after high-risk surgery. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(6):1091–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001618.
Singer P, Reintam-Blaser A, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN guidelines: nutrition in the ICU. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:48–79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30348463.
Volkert D, Berner Y, Berry E, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: geriatrics. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):330–360. (Consensus Development Conference Practice Guideline) (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.012.
Chapple LA, Gan M, Louis R, Yaxley A, Murphy A, Yandell R. Nutrition-related outcomes and dietary intake in non-mechanically ventilated critically ill adult patients: a pilot observational descriptive study. Aust Crit Care. 2020;33(3):300–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2020.02.008.
Macht M, King C, Wimbish T, et al. Post-extubation dysphagia is associated with longer hospitalization in survivors of critical illness with neurologic impairment. Crit Care. 2013;17(3):R119. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12791.
Fournier J, Coutaz M, Hertzog H, Piccot P, Lamon J, Berger MM. Semi-automation of nutritional risk screening in the hospital results in systematic scoring. Clin Nutr Exp. 2016;8(1–8)
Ball L, Serpa Neto A, Pelosi P. Obesity and survival in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a paradox within the paradox. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1682-5.
Santanasto AJ, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Body composition remodeling and mortality: the health aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(4):513–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw163.
Thibault R, Makhlouf A, Mulliez A, et al. Fat-free mass at admission predicts 28-day mortality in intensive care unit patients: the international prospective observational study phase angle project. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(9):1445–53. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27515162
Wilhelm-Leen ER, Hall YN, Horwitz RI, Chertow GM. Phase angle, frailty and mortality in older adults. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(1):147–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2585-z.
Basile C, Della-Morte D, Cacciatore F, et al. Phase angle as bioelectrical marker to identify elderly patients at risk of sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol. 2014;58:43–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2014.07.009.
Heidelbaugh JJ. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of vitamin and mineral deficiency: evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2013;4(3):125–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098613482484.
Melzer K, Karsegard VL, Genton L, Kossovsky M, Kayser B, Pichard C. Comparison of equations for estimating resting metabolic rate in healthy subjects over 70 years of age. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(4):498–505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve & db=PubMed & dopt=Citation & list_uids=17583391.
Gaillard C, Alix E, Salle A, Berrut G, Ritz P. Energy requirements in frail elderly people: a review of the literature. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(1):16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2006.08.003.
Segadilha N, Rocha EEM, Tanaka LMS, Gomes KLP, Espinoza REA, Peres WAF. Energy expenditure in critically ill elderly patients: indirect calorimetry vs predictive equations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(5):776–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607115625609.
Ridley EJ, Parke RL, Davies AR, et al. What happens to nutrition intake in the post-intensive care unit hospitalization period? An observational Cohort Study in critically ill adults. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2019;43(1):88–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1196.
Deer RR, Volpi E. Protein requirements in critically ill older adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(3) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030378.
Looijaard W, Dekker IM, Beishuizen A, Girbes ARJ, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Weijs PJM. Early high protein intake and mortality in critically ill ICU patients with low skeletal muscle area and -density. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(7):2192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.09.007.
Suter PM, Haller J, Hany A, Vetter W. Diuretic use: a risk for subclinical thiamine deficiency in elderly patients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2000;4(2):69–71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10842416
Aubry E, Friedli N, Schuetz P, Stanga Z. Refeeding syndrome in the frail elderly population: prevention, diagnosis and management. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2018;11:255–64. https://doi.org/10.2147/ceg.S136429.
Friedli N, Baumann J, Hummel R, et al. Refeeding syndrome is associated with increased mortality in malnourished medical inpatients: secondary analysis of a randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(1):e18506. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000018506.
Koekkoek WAC, Van Zanten ARH. Is refeeding syndrome relevant for critically ill patients? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;21(2):130–7. (In Eng)
Reintam Blaser A, Gunst J, Ichai C, et al. Hypophosphatemia in critically ill adults and children: a systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(4):1744–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.045
Doig G, Simpson F, Heighes P, et al. Restricted versus continued standard caloric intake during the management of refeeding syndrome in critically ill adults: a randomised, parallel-group, multicentre, single-blind controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(12):943–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00418-X.
Elia M, Normand C, Norman K, Laviano A. A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in the hospital setting. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(2):370–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.05.010.
de Aguilar-Nascimento J, Kudsk K. Use of small-bore feeding tubes: successes and failures. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10(3):291–6. (Review) (In eng). https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e3280d64a1d.
Ridley EJ, Chapple LS, Chapman MJ. Nutrition intake in the post-ICU hospitalization period. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2020;23(2):111–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000637.
Khalil SF, Mohktar MS, Ibrahim F. The theory and fundamentals of bioimpedance analysis in clinical status monitoring and diagnosis of diseases. Sensors (Basel). 2014;14(6):10895–928. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140610895.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Berger, M.M., Hurni, C.A., Pantet, O. (2022). Nutrition: The Very Old Critically Ill Patients. In: Flaatten, H., Guidet, B., Vallet, H. (eds) The Very Old Critically Ill Patients. Lessons from the ICU. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94133-8_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94133-8_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94132-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-94133-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)