Abstract
Monteverde, Costa Rica represents an example of dynamic processes shaping an ever-changing, landscape-scale biodiversity island. Monteverde is internationally renowned for biodiversity conservation efforts initiated by non-governmental organizations and private citizens that led to the creation of the Monteverde Reserve Complex—a network of reserves spanning the region. Located in the Tilarán Mountain Range, an area of high endemism in the Central American isthmus, Monteverde’s reserves provide habitat for over half of the species found in the entire country of Costa Rica, including 55 species of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles with some degree of threatened status on the IUCN Red List. One characteristic that makes Monteverde unusual is the number of research scientists that have settled in the area and studied the region over multiple decades. Some of these scientists helped secure international funding to purchase land for the Monteverde Cloud Forest Biological Preserve and the Children’s Eternal Rainforest and participated in the creation of local non-governmental organizations to promote conservation, education, and sustainable community development. Recognizing that Monteverde’s biodiversity island requires habitat connectivity across a larger landscape to support seasonal migratory species, Monteverde’s organizations established the Bellbird Biological Corridor. The impacts of changing climate conditions—in particular, the increase of daily minimum temperatures and the increase in number of consecutive dry day periods—are being observed in Monteverde’s cloud forests and further threaten the conservation of habitat and species. Holistic policies and programs spanning tourism, agriculture, transportation, energy, and environmental sectors are needed for continued conservation successes.
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Notes
- 1.
For background and general description of the region’s ecology and conservation history, we rely heavily on the seminal work of Nalini Nadkarni and Nathaniel Wheelwright, Monteverde: Ecology and Conservation of a Tropical Cloud Forest, first published in 2000 with updated chapters published in 2014. We encourage readers interested in a more in-depth understanding of Monteverde to reference this outstanding resource. Our reflections on conservation initiatives in Monteverde, including the Bellbird Biological Corridor, the Children’s Eternal Rainforest, Enlace Verde, and local reforestation projects are largely derived from our personal involvement in these initiatives and organizations.
- 2.
The Tropical Science Center (TSC) is Costa Rica’s oldest environmental non-profit, non-governmental organization. TSC was established in 1962 by research scientists Leslie Holdridge, Joseph Tosi, and Robert Hunter together with several local businessmen. See Sect. 3.1.1 for further description of TSC’s role in the Monteverde Reserve Complex.
- 3.
The 554 ha owned by Bosqueterno, S. A. and managed by the Tropical Science Center are not included in the 4,215 ha owned by the Tropical Science Center.
- 4.
Mechanisms for the Costa Rican Payment for Environmental Services (PES) program and the National Forestry Financing Fund (FONAFIFO) were established in Costa Rica’s Forestry Law 7575 in 1996 (Asamblea Legislativa de la República de Costa Rica 1996). FONAFIFO is the administrative entity for the national program. See Sect. 4 for further discussion of PES as a tool for conservation in Monteverde.
- 5.
These NOAA (2020) figures do not account for other global environmental crises, including habitat loss due to large-scale Amazonian fires, the current Australian wildfires, world-wide coral reef decline, impacts of increasing plastic contamination in the world’s oceans, melting glaciers and ice caps, and localized disruptions due to coastal zone flooding. Dollar values are based on losses which would not have been incurred had the event not taken place and include both insured and non-insured losses.
- 6.
In Costa Rica, Zona Protectora is one of seven management designations for “protected wildlife areas.” These also include National Parks, Forest Reserves, Biological Reserves, National Wildlife Refuges, Wetlands, and National Monuments. These are defined in Chapter VII, Article 32 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, No. 7554, of October 4, 1995.
- 7.
The University of Georgia sold this property in 2019. Long-term research and reforestation programs were not maintained by the current owner.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to our many colleagues in Monteverde for the knowledge and insights they have shared with us through the years living and working in Monteverde. In particular, thanks to Orlando Calvo, Alvaro Cubero, Bill Haber, Deb Hamilton, Russ Kumai, Jack Longino, Yoryineth Méndez, Nalini Nadkarni, Alan Pounds, Yúber Rodríguez, Katy VanDusen, Mark Wainwright and Justin Welch for their contributions to this chapter.
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Newcomer, Q., Camacho Céspedes, F., Stallcup, L. (2022). The Monteverde Cloud Forest: Evolution of a Biodiversity Island in Costa Rica. In: Montagnini, F. (eds) Biodiversity Islands: Strategies for Conservation in Human-Dominated Environments. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92234-4_10
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