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A Synopsis of Routine Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care and Recovery: General Overview

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Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury and Critical Care

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Abstract

Biomarkers are characteristic biological indicators that are used to identify (indirect changes) physical damage or disorders of physiological processes in humans or animals. The potentials they have for detection, diagnostics, prognostics, and intervention direction is crucial in the field of trauma, injury critical care, and recovery. From the last decade of the twentieth century onwards, researchers and clinicians have identified and introduced an increasing number of biomarkers into everyday use. This chapter presents various definition, classifications, and utilization of biomarkers in trauma, injury critical care, and recovery. The current conceptual status of biomarkers both in the field of clinical and diagnostic assessment, more specifically in trauma, injury critical care, and recovery, is presented through the roll of both tools and outcomes in clinical practice and research with the final aim of providing a valid frame for interpretation of clinical states and research questions that rely significant on such biomedical measures. As modern biomedicine uses biomarkers and their presence both as primary outcomes in clinical trials and practice, and this is now a widely accepted and highly appreciated trend, this chapter also covers the overlaps and differences between clinical outcomes and biomarkers. Finally, the chapter presents the role of biomarkers in the process of management of disease that is of highest importance for trauma, injury critical care, and recovery. Although we use biomarkers extensively in clinical practice, our knowledge in this field is quite limited. Thus, further research in this area is needed to confirm the current findings and detect more useful biomarkers.

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Abbreviations

AFP:

Alpha fetoprotein

ALI:

Acute lung injury

ALP:

Alanine aminotransferase

ALS:

Alkaline phosphatase

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

BMP-2:

Bone morphogenetic protein 2

BNP:

B-type natriuretic peptide

CA 125:

Cancer antigen 125

CC16:

Club cell secretory protein 16

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

CK-BB:

Creatine kinase brain biomarker

CK-MB:

Creatine kinase myoglobin binding

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

cTnI:

Cardia Troponin I

cTnT:

Cardia Troponin T

ESR:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

FABP:

Fatty acid-binding proteins

GGT:

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

IGFBP7:

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7

IL-10:

Interleukin-10

IL-18:

Interleukin-18

KIM-1:

Kidney injury molecule-1

LDH:

Lactic acid dehydrogenase

MDSCs:

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

NF-L:

Neuro-filament light chain

NGAL:

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin

NT-proBNP:

N-terminal proBNP

PCT:

Procalcitonin

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

S100A8/9:

Calprotectin

SPD:

Surfactant protein D

TIMP-2:

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

WBC:

White blood cell

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Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this chapter.

Author Contributions

JM and DS conceived the chapter and discussed the keyword for literature search. JM was responsible for curating the data. Both authors contributed to composing of the chapter. JM wrote the first draft of the chapter and figures. Both authors assisted in revising the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Methodological Principles and Standards of Integrated Health Information System and Reporting, Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut”, Belgrade, Serbia

    Jelena Milic

  2. Faculty of Medicine, Editorial Office of Journal “Medicinar”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Dunja Stankic

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  1. Jelena Milic
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  2. Dunja Stankic
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Med City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Rajkumar Rajendram

  2. Franklin-Wilkins Bldg, Rm 4.101, 4th Fl, Kings Coll London, Sch Biomed Health Sci, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

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Milic, J., Stankic, D. (2023). A Synopsis of Routine Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care and Recovery: General Overview. In: Rajendram, R., Preedy, V.R., Patel, V.B. (eds) Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury and Critical Care. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87302-8_1-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87302-8_1-2

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-87302-8

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  1. Latest

    A Synopsis of Routine Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care and Recovery: General Overview
    Published:
    19 January 2023

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87302-8_1-2

  2. Original

    A Synopsis of Routine Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care and Recovery: General Overview
    Published:
    23 July 2022

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87302-8_1-1

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