Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Subphylum Cyanidiophytina, Class Cyanidiophyceae; Subphylum Proteorhodophytina, Classes Compsopogonophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Rhodellophyceae, and Stylonematophyceae

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Freshwater Red Algae

Abstract

Subphylum Cyanidiophytina is composed of a single class (Cyanidiophyceae) and three genera have been traditionally recognized Cyanidium and Galdieria (Cyanidiales) and Cyanidioschyzon (Cyanidioschyzogonales); a new genus (Cyanidiococcus) has been recently described in the order Cyanidioschyzogonales. All species are exclusive to inland habitats, occurring mostly in thermal waters, as thermoacidophiles, and also as mesophiles (aerophytic or endolithic). Subphylum Proteorhodophytina is represented in freshwaters by all four classes (Compsopogonophyceae, Porphyrideophyceae, Rhodellophyceae, and Stylonematophyceae). Class Compsopogonophyceae has three freshwater members in the single order Compsopogonales: genera Boldia (family Boldiaceae), Compsopogon and Pulvinaster (family Compsopogonaceae); all are monospecific. Class Stylonematophyceae is represented by five genera, four in the order Stylonematales, Chroodactylon (one species), Chroothece (four species), Kyliniella and Rhodospora (one species), and one in the order Rufusiales, the monospecific genus Rufusia. Class Porphyridiophyceae has freshwater members in the genera Flintiella (one species) and Porphyridium (three species). Class Rhodellophyceae has the monospecific genus Glaucosphaera.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aboal M, Garcia-Fernández ME, Roldán M, Whitton BA (2014) Ecology, morphology and physiology of Chroothece richteriana (Rhodophyta, Stylonematophyceae) in the highly calcareous Rio Chicamo, south-east Spain. Eur J Phycol 49:83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2014.893018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aboal M, Chapuis I, Paiano MO, Sánchez P, West JA, Whitton BA, Necchi O Jr (2018) Diversity of Chroothece (Rhodophyta, Stylonematales) including two new species. Eur J Phycol 53:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.1402374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albertano P, Ciniglia C, Pinto G, Pollio A (2000) The taxonomic position of Cyanidium, Cyanidioschyzon and Galdieria: an update. Hydrobiologia 433:137–143. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004031123806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blinn DW, Prescott GW (1976) A North American distribution record for the rare Rhodophycean, Chroothece mobilis Pascher and Petrova. Am Midl Nat 96:207–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bory de St. Vincent JB (1797) Mémoire sur les genres Conferva et Byssus, du chevalier O. Linné. De l’Imprimerie de Louis Carazza, Bordeaux

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourrelly P (1970) Les algues d’eau douce—Tome 3: les algues bleues et rouges, les Eugléniens, Peridiniens et Cryptomonadines. Editions N Boubée, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen T (1962) Botanik. Bind II. Systematisk botanik. Nr. 2. Alger. Kommission hos Munksgaard, København, pp 1–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciniglia C, Yoon HS, Pollio A, Pinto G, Bhattacharya D (2004) Hidden biodiversity of the extremophilic Cyanidiales red algae. Mol Ecol 13:1827–1838. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02180.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciniglia C, Yang EC, Pollio A, Pinto G, Iovinella M, Vitale L, Yoon HS (2014) Cyanidiophyceae in Iceland: plastid rbcL gene elucidates origin and dispersal of extremophilic Galdieria sulphuraria and G. maxima (Galdieriaceae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 53:542–551. https://doi.org/10.2216/14-032.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Luca P, Taddei R, Varano L (1978) “Cyanidioschyzon merolae”: a new alga of thermal acidic environments. Webbia 33:37–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deason T, Nichols HW (1970) A new bangiophycidean alga from Alabama. J Phycol 6:39–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1970.tb02354.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drew KM (1956) Reproduction in the Bangiophycidae. Bot Rev 22:553–611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drew KM, Ross R (1965) Some generic names in the Bangiophycidae. Taxon 14:93–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eloranta P, Kwandrans J, Kusel-Fetzmann E (2011) Rhodophyta and Phaeophyceae. In: Büdel B, Gärtner G, Krientz L, Preisig HR, Schagerl (eds) Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, vol 7. Spektrum Akad, Heidelberg, pp 1–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Galdieri A (1899) Su di unálga che cresce intorno alle fumarole della Solfatera. Atti Reale Accad Sci Fis Mat Napoli 5:160–164. (Ser. 3)

    Google Scholar 

  • García-Fernández ME, Chapuis IS, Aboal M (2012) Kyliniella latvica Skuja (Stylonemataceae, Stylonematophyceae), un rodófito indicador de buena calidad del agua. Limnetica 31:341–348. DOI https://doi.org/10.23818/limn.31.29

  • Geitler L (1923) Porphyridium aerugineum nov. sp. Öst Bot Z 72:84

    Google Scholar 

  • Geitler L (1927) Rhodospora sordida nov. gen. et n. sp. eine neue Bangiaceae des Süsswassers. Öst Bot Z 76:25–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Geitler L (1932) Porphyridium sordidum n. sp., eine neue Süsswasserbangiale. Arch Protistenk 76:595–604

    Google Scholar 

  • Geitler L (1934) Diagnosen neuer Blaualgen von den Sunda-Inseln. Arch Hydrobiol Suppl 12:622–634

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansgirg A (1884) Bemerkungen zur Systematik einiger Süsswasseralgen. Öst Bot Zeit 34:351–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansgirg A (1885) Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss von der Verbreitung der Chromatophoren und Zellkernen bei den Schizophyceen (Phycochromaceen). Ber Deutsch Bot Ges 3:14–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Herndon WR (1964) Boldia: a new rhodophycean genus. Am J Bot 51:575–581. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1964.tb06673.x

  • Howard RV, Parker BC (1980) Revision of Boldia erythrosiphon Herndon (Rodophyta, Bangiales). Am J Bot 67:413–422. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07666.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh CJ, Zhan SH, Lin Y, Tang SL, Liu SL (2015) Analysis of rbcL sequences reveals the global biodiversity, community structure, and biogeographical pattern of thermoacidophilic red algae (Cyanidiales). J Phycol 51:682–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen JR, Fucikova K, Fitzpatrick MH, Lowe RL (2005) The red alga genus Rhodospora (Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyta): first report from North America. J Phycol 41:1281–1283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00145.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korshikov AA (1930) Glaucosphaera vacuolata, a new member of the Glaucophyceae. Arch Protistenk 70:217–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumano S (2002) Freshwater red algae of the world. Biopress, Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu S-L, Chiang Y-R, Yoon HS, Fu H-Y (2020) Comparative genome analysis reveals Cyanidiococcus gen. nov., a new extremophilic red algal genus sister to Cyanidioschyzon (Cyanidioschyzonaceae, Rhodophyta). J Phycol 56:1428–1442. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.13056

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medina-Cabrera EV, Rühmanna B, Schmid J, Sieber V (2020) Characterization and comparison of Porphyridium sordidum and Porphyridium purpureum concerning growth characteristics and polysaccharide production. Algal Res 49:101931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101931

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merola A, Castaldo R, DeLuca P, Gambardella R, Musacchio A, Taddei R (1981) Revision of Cyanidium caldarium. Three species of acidophilic algae. Giorn Bot Ital 115:189–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263508109428026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montagne C (1846) Flore d’Algérie. Ordo I. Phyceae Fries. In: Bory MM, Maisonneuve D (eds) Exploration scientifique de l’Algérie pendant les années 1840, 1841, 1842, Sciences physiques. Botanique. Cryptogamie, vol 1. Imprimerie Royale, Paris, pp 1–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz-Gómez SA, Mejía-Franco FG, Durnin K, Colp M, Grisdale CJ, Archibald JM, Slamovitis CH (2017) The new red algal subphylum Proteorhodophytina comprises the largest and most divergent plastid genomes known. Curr Biol 27:1677–1684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nägeli C (1849) Gattungen einzelliger Algen, physiologisch und systematisch bearbeitet. Neue Denkschr Allg Schweiz Gesellsch Gesammten Naturwiss 10:1–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama T, Yokoyama A (2017) Classes Cyanidiophyceae, Compsopogonophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Rhodellophyceae and Stylonematophyceae. In: Kamiya M, Lindstrom SC, Nakayama T et al (eds) Syllabus of plant families; Adolf Engler’s Syllabus der Planzenfamilien—Part 2/2—Photoautotrophic eukaryotic algae—Rhodophyta. Borntraeger Sci Publ, Stuttgart, pp 19–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Necchi O Jr (2016) Red algae (Rhodophyta) in rivers. In: Necchi O Jr (ed) River Algae. Springer, Cham, pp 65–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Necchi O Jr, Dip MR (1992) The family Compsopogonaceae (Rhodophyta) in Brazil. Algol Stud 66:105–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Necchi O Jr, Garcia Fo AS, Salomaki ED, West JA, Aboal M, Vis ML (2013) Global sampling reveals low genetic diversity within Compsopogon (Compsopogonales, Rhodophyta). Eur J Phycol 48:152–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2013.783626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ott FD (1972) A review of the synonyms and the taxonomic positions of the algal genus Porphyridium Nägeli 1849. Nova Hedwigia 23:237–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott FD (1976) Further observations on the freshwater alga Flintiella sanguinaria Ott in Bourrelly 1970 (Rhodophycophyta, Porphyridiales). Arch Protistenk 118:34–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott FD (1987) A brief review of the species of Porphyridium with additional records for the rarely collected alga Porphyridium sordidum Geitler, 1932 (Rhodophycophyta, Porphyridiales). Arch Protistenk 134:35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9365(87)80024-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ott FD (2009) Handbook of the taxonomic names associated with the non-marine Rhodophycophyta. J Cramer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascher A, Petrová J (1933) Über Porenapparate und Bewegung bei einer neuen Bangiale (Chroothece mobilis). Arch Protistenk 74:490–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Pekárková B, Smarda J, Hindák F (1989) Cell morphology and growth characteristics of Porphyridium aerugineum (Rhodophyta). Plant Syst Evol 164:263–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00940442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto G, Ciniglia C, Cascone C, Pollio A (2010) Species composition of Cyanidiales assemblages in Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei, Italy) and occurrence of Galdieria phlegrea sp. nov. In: Seckbach J (ed) Algae and Cyanobacteria in extreme environments. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6112-7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reeb V, Bhattacharya D (2010) The thermo-acidophilic Cyanidiophyceae (Cyanidiales). In: Seckbach J, Chapman DJ (eds) Red algae in the genomic age. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3795-4_22

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rintoul T, Sheath RG, Vis ML (1999) Systematics and biogeography of the Compsopogonales (Rhodophyta) with emphasis on freshwater genera in North America. Phycologia 38:517–527. https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-38-6-517.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders GW, Hommersand M (2004) Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. Am J Bot 91:1494–1507. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz F (1896) Compsopogonaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten, Teil 1, Abteilung 2. von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 318–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Shameel M (2001) An approach to the classification of algae in the new millennium. Pak J Mar Biol 7:233–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheath RG, Hymes BJ (1980) A preliminary investigation of the freshwater red algae in streams of southern Ontario, Canada. Can J Bot 58:1295–1318. https://doi.org/10.1139/b80-161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheath RG, Sherwood AR (2011) Rhodophyta (red algae). In: John DM, Whitton BA, Brook AJ (eds) The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles. An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 159–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheath RG, Vis ML (2015) Red algae. In: Wehr JD, Sheath RG, Kociolek JP (eds) Freshwater Algae of North America: ecology and classification, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 237–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385876-4.00005-0

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sheath RG, Hamilton PB, Hambrook JA, Cole KM (1989) Stream macroalgae of the eastern boreal forest region of North America. Can J Bot 67:3553–3562. https://doi.org/10.1139/b89-437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skuja H (1926) Eine neue Süsswasserbangiaceae Kyliniella n.g., n. sp. Acta Hort Bot Univ Latv 1:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Skuja H (1939) Versuch einer systematischen Einteilung der Bangioideen order Protoflorideen. Acta Hort Bot Univ Latv 11(12):23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Vis ML, Sheath RG (1993) Distribution and systematics of Chroodactylon and Kyliniella (Porphyridiales, Rhodophyta) from North American streams. Jpn J Phycol 41:237–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Vis ML, Sheath RG, Cole KM (1992) Systematics of the freshwater red algal family Compsopogonaceae in North America. Phycologia 31:564–575. https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-31-6-564.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West JA, Zuccarello GC, Scott JL, West KA, Loiseaux de Goer S (2007a) Pulvinus veneticus gen. et sp. nov. (Compsopogonales, Rhodophyta) from Vanuatu. Phycologia 46:237–246. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2216/06-66.1

  • West JA, Zuccarello GC, Scott JL, West KA, Loiseaux de Goer S (2007b) Correction to paper by West et al. Phycologia 46(3):237–246, Phycologia 46:478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson SM, Pickett-Heaps JD, West JA (2006) Vesicle transport and the cytoskeleton in the unicellular red alga Glaucosphaera vacuolata. Phycol Res 54:15–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2006.00404.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittrock VB, Nordstedt CFO (1884) Algae aquae dulcis exsiccatae praecipue Scandinavicae quas adjectis algis marinis chlorophyllaceis et phycochromaceis. Bot Not 1884:121–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Wujek DE, Timpano P (1986) Rufusia (Porphyridiales, Phragmonemataceae), a new red alga from sloth hair. Brenesia 25/26:163–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon HS, Hackett JD, Ciniglia C, Pinto G, Bhattacharya D (2004) A molecular timeline for the origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol 21:809–8818. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh075

  • Yoon HS, Ciniglia C, Wu M, Comeron JM, Pinto G, Pollio A, Bhattacharya D (2006a) Establishment of endolithic populations of extremophilic Cyanidiales (Rhodophyta). BMC Evol Biol 6:78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-6-78

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon HS, Müller KM, Sheath RG, Ott FD, Bhattacharya D (2006b) Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta). J Phycol 42:482–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuccarello GC, West JA, Kikuchi N (2008) Phylogenetic relationships within the Stylonematales (Stylonematophyceae, Rhodophyta): biogeographic patterns do not apply to Stylonema alsidii. J Phycol 44:384–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00467.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA

    Morgan L Vis

  2. Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

    Orlando Necchi Jr

Authors
  1. Orlando Necchi Jr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Morgan L Vis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Morgan L Vis .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Necchi Jr, O., L Vis, M. (2021). Subphylum Cyanidiophytina, Class Cyanidiophyceae; Subphylum Proteorhodophytina, Classes Compsopogonophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Rhodellophyceae, and Stylonematophyceae. In: Freshwater Red Algae. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83970-3_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation