Abstract
Presence of various types of micro-pollutants in domestic, industrial and municipal wastewater and landfill leachates are hazardous for living organisms. Thus, industries need to follow stringent requirements for discharging the chemicals in aquatic system. Organic pollutants, including dyes, hormones, phenols, pharmaceuticals, aromatic compounds, dyes, herbicides, pesticides, bromine containing retardants, industrial by-products, domestic products, sterilisers, and antiseptics, are referred as xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs). Traditional treatment techniques used for organic pollutant removal is not sufficient. The porous carbonaceous structure of granular (GAC) and powdered (PAC) activate carbon can adsorb targeted pollutants from water. The surface area of activated carbon can be varied from (500ā1500 m2gā1). The first part of the chapter illustrated the basic mechanism for adsorptive removal of contaminants over powdered and granular activated carbon (PAC or GAC). Now a days, adsorption onto activated carbon is integrated with biological process for treating industrial effluents. Adsorption integrated with biological treatment of waste water can be carried out using powdered activated carbon membrane bioreactor (PAC-MBR) and biological activated carbon reactor (BAC). The fundamentals of using activated carbon adsorption process integrated with biological treatment is discussed in the subsequent section of the chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adebisi GA, Chowdhury ZZ, Alaba PA (2017a) Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of lead ion and zinc ion adsorption from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from palm oil mill effluent. J Clean Prod 148:958ā968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.047
Adebisi GA, Chowdhury ZZ, Abd Hamid SB, Ali E (2017b) Equilibrium isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of divalent cation adsorption onto Calamus gracilis sawdust-based activated carbon. BioResources 12(2). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.2.2872-2898
Adebisi GA, Chowdhury ZZ, Abd Hamid SB, Ali E (2016) Hydrothermally treated banana empty fruit bunch fiber activated carbon for Pb(II) and Zn(II) removal. BioResources 11(4). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.4.9686-9709
Ahnert F, Arafat HA, Pinto NG (2003) A study of the influence of hydrophobicity of activated carbon on the adsorption equilibrium of aromatics in non-aqueous media. Adsorption 9:311ā319
Ahmed A, Abu Bakar MS, Azad AK, Sukri RS, Phusunti N (2018) Intermediate pyrolysis of Acacia cincinnata and Acacia holosericea species for bio-oil and biochar production. Energy Convers Manag 176:393ā408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.041
Ahmed MJ (2017) Adsorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from aqueous solution using activated carbons: review. J Environ Manag 190:274ā282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.073
Akinpelu AA, Ali ME, Johan MR, Saidur R, Chowdhury ZZ, Shemsi AM, Saleh TA (2019) Effect of the oxidation process on the molecular interaction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with carbon nanotubes: adsorption kinetic and isotherm study. J Mol Liq 289:111107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111107
Akinpelu AA, Chowdhury ZZ, Shibly SM, Faisal ANM, Badruddin IA, Rahman MM, Amin MA, Sagadevan S, Akbarzadeh O, Khan TMY, Kamangar S, Khalid K, Saidur R, Johan MR (2021) Adsorption studies of volatile organic compound (naphthalene) from aqueous effluents: chemical activation process using weak Lewis acid, equilibrium kinetics and isotherm modelling. Int J Mol Sci 22(4):2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042090
Akinpelu AA, Ali ME, Owolabi TO, Johan MR, Saidur R, Olatunji SO, Chowdbury Z (2020) A support vector regression model for the prediction of total polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil: an artificial intelligent system for mapping environmental pollution. Neural Comput Appl 32(18):14899ā14908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-04845-3
AktaÅ Z, ĆeƧen F (2007) Bioregeneration of activated carbon: a review. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 59(4):257ā272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.01.003
Alhamed YA (2009) Adsorption kinetics and performance of packed bed adsorber for phenol removal using activated carbon from datesā stones. J Hazard Mater 170(2ā3):763ā770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.002
Azimi A, Azari A, Rezakazemi M, Ansarpour M (2017) Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters: a review. ChemBioEng Rev 4(1):37ā59. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201600010
Balasundram V, Ibrahim N, Kasmani RM, Hamid MKA, Isha R, Hasbullah H, Ali RR (2017) Thermogravimetric catalytic pyrolysis and kinetic studies of coconut copra and rice husk for possible maximum production of pyrolysis oil. J Clean Prod 167:218ā228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.173
Bernhardt A, Gysi N (2016) Worldās worst pollution problems: the toxics beneath our feet. Fabrikstrasse 17, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland
Bian Y, Yuan Q, Zhu G, Ren B, Hursthouse A, Zhang P (2018) Recycling of waste sludge: preparation and application of sludge-based activated carbon. Int J Polym Sci 2018:1ā17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8320609
Chang H, Yuan XG, Tian H, Zeng AW (2006) Experiment and prediction of breakthrough curves for packed bed adsorption of water vapor on cornmeal. Chem Eng Process: Process Intensif 45(9):747ā754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2006.03.001
ĆeƧen F, AktaÅ Ć (2011) Activated carbon for water and wastewater treatment. Wiley-VCH. ISBN: 978-3-527-32471-2
Cheremisinoff NP (2002) Handbook of water and wastewater treatment technologies. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA, USA
Chowdhury Z, Krishnan B, Sagadevan S, Rafique R, Hamizi N, Abdul Wahab Y, Khan A, Johan R, Al-douri Y, Kazi S, Tawab Shah S (2018) Effect of temperature on the physical, electro-chemical and adsorption properties of carbon micro-spheres using hydrothermal carbonization process. Nanomaterials 8(8):597. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080597
Chowdhury ZZ, Pal K, Johan RB, Yehya Dabdawb WA, Ali ME, Faizur Rafique R (2017) Comparative evaluation of physiochemical properties of a solid fuel derived from Adansonia digitata trunk using torrefaction. BioResources 12(2). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.2.3816-3833
Chowdhury ZZ, Yehye WA, Julkapli NM, Al Saadi MAH, Atieh MA (2016) Application of graphitic bio-carbon using two-level factorial design for microwave-assisted carbonization. BioResources 11(2). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.2.3637-3659
Chowdhury ZZ, Hasan MR, Abd Hamid SB, MarlinaSamsudin E, Zain SM, Khalid K (2015) Catalytic pretreatment of biochar residues derived from lignocellulosic feedstock for equilibrium studies of manganese, Mn(II) cations from aqueous solution. RSC Adv 5(9):6345ā6356. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09709b
Chowdhury ZZ, Sharifuddin MZ, Rashid AK, Khalid K (2012) Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for optimizing production condition for removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) onto kenaf fiber based activated carbon. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol (RJASET) 4(5):458ā465
Chowdhury ZZ, Zain SM, Rashid AK, Rafique RF, Khalid K (2013) Breakthrough curve analysis for column dynamics sorption of Mn(II) ions from wastewater by using Mangostana garcinia peel-based granular-activated carbon. J Chem 1ā8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/959761
Chowdhury ZZ, Zain SM, Rashid AK, Ahmed AA (2011a) Equilibrium kinetics and isotherm studies of Cu (II) adsorption from waste water onto alkali activated oil palm ash. Am J Appl Sci 8(3):230ā237. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2011.230.237
Chowdhury ZZ, Zain SM, Rashid AK, Khalid K (2011b) Linear regression analysis for kinetics and isotherm studies of sorption of manganese (II) ions onto activated palm ash from waste water. Orient J Chem 27(2):405ā415
Danish M, Hashim R, Ibrahim MNM, Rafatullah M, Ahmad T, Sulaiman O (2011) Characterization of Acacia mangium wood based activated carbons prepared in the presence of basic activating agents. BioResources 8(3):3019ā3033
Danish M, Hashim R, Ibrahim MM, Sulaiman O (2013) Effect of acidic activating agents on surface area and surface functional groups of activated carbons produced from Acacia mangium wood. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 104:418ā425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.06.003
Danish M, Ahmad T (2018) A review on utilization of wood biomass as a sustainable precursor for activated carbon production and application. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 87:1ā21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.003
Din MI, Ashraf S, Intisar A (2017) Comparative study of different activation treatments for the preparation of activated carbon: a mini-review. Sci Prog 100(3):299ā312. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685017X14967570531606
Emanuelsson MA, Henriques IS, Ferreira Jorge RM, Castro PM (2006) Biodegradation of 2-fluorobenzoate in upflow fixed bed bioreactors operated with different growth support materials. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81(9):1577ā1585. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1565
El Gamal M, Mousa HA, El-Naas MH, Zacharia R, Judd S (2018) Bio-regeneration of activated carbon: a comprehensive review. Sep Purif Technol 197:345ā359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.01.015
Hansen BR, Davies SR (1994) Review of potential technologies for the removal of dissolved components from produced water. Chem Eng Res Des 72:176ā188
Hendricks D (2006) Water treatment unit processes: physical and chemical. CRC Press, USA
Huang T, Zhou R, Cui J, Zhang J, Tang X, Chen S, Feng J, Liu H (2018) Fast and cost-effective preparation of antimicrobial zinc oxide embedded in activated carbon composite for water purification applications. Mater Chem Phys 206:124ā129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.11.044
Hung Y, Lo HH, Wang LK, Taricska JR, Li KH (2005) Granular activated carbon adsorption. In: Wang LK, Hung Y, Shammas NH (eds) Physicochemical treatment processes. Handbook of environmental engineering, vol 3. The Humana Press Inc., Totowa, New Jersey, USA
Inglezakis VJ, Poulopoulos SG (eds) (2006) Adsorption, ion exchange and catalysis: design of operations and environmental applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam The Netherlands
Jones RA, Thibault J, Tezel FH (2010) Simulation and validation of ethanol removal from water in an adsorption packed bed: isotherm and mass transfer parameter determination in batch studies. Can J Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20337
Joss A, Zabczynski S, Gƶbel A, Hoffmann B, Lƶffler D, McArdell CS, Ternes TA, Thomsen A, Siegrist H (2006) Biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater treatment: proposing a classification scheme. Water Res 40(8):1686ā1696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.02.014
Julien F, Baudu M, Mazet M (1998) Relationship between chemical and physical surface properties of activated carbon. Water Res 32(11):3414ā3424. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00109-2
Karimi S, TavakkoliYaraki M, Karri RR (2019) A comprehensive review of the adsorption mechanisms and factors influencing the adsorption process from the perspective of bioethanol dehydration. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 107:535ā553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.025
Karri RR, Jayakumar N, Sahu J (2017) Modelling of fluidised-bed reactor by differential evolution optimization for phenol removal using coconut shells based activated carbon. J Mol Liq 231:249ā262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.02.003
Khalili NR, Campbell M, Sandi G, GolaÅ J (2000) Production of micro- and mesoporous activated carbon from paper mill sludge. Carbon 38(14):1905ā1915. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(00)00043-9
Lankford PW, Eckenfelder WW (1990) Toxicity reduction in industrial effluents. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA
Le-Minh N, Sivret EC, Shammay A, Stuetz RM (2018) Factors affecting the adsorption of gaseous environmental odors by activated carbon: a critical review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 48(4):341ā375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2018.1460984
Li Q, Qi Y, Gao C (2015) Chemical regeneration of spent powdered activated carbon used in decolorization of sodium salicylate for the pharmaceutical industry. J Clean Prod 86:424ā431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.008
Meidl JA (1997) Responding to changing conditions: how powdered activated carbon systems can provide the operational flexibility necessary to treat contaminated groundwater and industrial wastes. Carbon 35(9):1207ā1216
Morgenroth E (2008) Biofilm reactors. In: Henze M, van Loosdrecht MCM, Ekama GA, Brdjanovic D (eds) Biological wastewater treatment, principles, modelling and design. IWA Publishing, pp 493ā511
Muāazu N, Jarrah N, Zubair M, Alagha O (2017) Removal of phenolic compounds from water using sewage sludge-based activated carbon adsorption: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(10):1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101094
Oladipo AA, Ifebajo AO, Nisar N, Ajayi OA (2017) High-performance magnetic chicken bone-based biochar for efficient removal of rhodamine-B dye and tetracycline: competitive sorption analysis. Water Sci Techno: J Int Assoc Water Pollut Res 76(2):373ā385. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.209
Oladipo AA, Gazi M (2015) Microwaves initiated synthesis of activated carbon-based composite hydrogel for simultaneous removal of copper (II) ions and direct red 80 dye: a multi-component adsorption system. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 47:125ā136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.09.027
Pam AA, Abdullah AH, Tan YP, Zainal Z (2018) Batch and fixed bed adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution using EDTA modified activated carbon derived from palm kernel shell. BioResources 13(1). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.1.1235-1250
Radic D, Stanojevic M, Obradovic M, Jovovic A (2017) Thermal analysis of physical and chemical changes occurring during regeneration of activated carbon. Therm Sci 21(2):1067ā1081. https://doi.org/10.2298/tsci150720048r
Rafique RF, Min Z, Son G, Lee SH (2015) Removal of cadmium ion using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) and activated carbon fiber (ACF) hybrid processes: adsorption isotherm study for micelle onto ACF. Desalin Water Treat 57(17):7780ā7788. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1057538
Rafique RF, Lee S (2014) Micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) and Activated carbon fiber (ACF) hybrid processes for the removal of cadmium from an aqueous solution. Korean Chem Eng Res 52(6):775ā780. https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2014.52.6.775
Rafique RF, Chowdhury ZZ, Moon J, Lee S (2018) Application of micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) and activated carbon fiber (ACF) hybrid processes for the removal of nickel from an aqueous solution. Int J Eng Technol 10:112ā120
Razi MA, Al-Gheethi A, Al-Qaini M, Yousef A (2018) Efficiency of activated carbon from palm kernel shell for treatment of greywater. Arab J Basic Appl Sci 25(3):103ā110. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765299.2018.1514142
Reza MS, Yun CS, Afroze S, Radenahmad N, Bakar MSA, Saidur R, Taweekun J, Azad AK (2020) Preparation of activated carbon from biomass and itsā applications in water and gas purification, a review. Arab J Basic Appl Sci 27(1):208ā238. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765299.2020.1766799
Regti A, Laamari MR, Stiriba S-E, El Haddad M (2017) Potential use of activated carbon derived from Persea species under alkaline conditions for removing cationic dye from wastewaters. J Assoc Arab Univ Basic Appl Sci 24:10ā18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2017.01.003
Sher MI, Arbuckle WB, Shen Z (2000) Oxygen uptake rate inhibition with PACTTM sludge. J Hazard Mater 73(2):129ā142
Shi Q, Zhang J, Zhang C, Li C, Zhang B, Hu W, Xu J, Zhao R (2010) Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal. J Environ Sci 22(1):91ā97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60079-6
Silva M (2004) Preliminary feasibility study for the use of an adsorption/bio-regeneration system for molinate removal from effluents. Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(04)00151-4
Snoeyink VL, Summers RS (1999) Adsorption of organic compounds. In: Letterman RD (ed) Water quality and treatment, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY
Suthersan SS (1999) Pump and treat systems. In: Suthersan SS, Raton B (eds) Remediation engineering: design concepts. CRC Press, LLC
Sun N, Okoye C, Niu CH, Wang H (2007) Adsorption of water and ethanol by biomaterials. Int J Green Energy 4(6):623ā634. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435070701665396
Tan K, Hameed B (2017) Insight into the adsorption kinetics models for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 74:25ā48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.01.024
Thomas WJ, Crittenden B (1998) Adsorption technology and design. Elsevier Science and Technology Books. ISBN 0750619597
Veil JA (2011) Produced water management options and technologies. Produced water: Environmental risks and advances in mitigation technologies. Springer, New York, pp 537ā571
Vinitnantharat S, Baral A, Ishibashi Y, Ha SR (2001) Quantitative bioregeneration of granular activated carbon loaded with phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Environ Technol 22(3):339ā344. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593332208618288
Worch E (2008) Fixed-bed adsorption in drinking water treatment: a critical review on models and parameter estimation. J Water Supply: Res Technol AQUA 57(3):171ā183
Worch E (2009) Adsorptionsverfahren in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung. Wien Mitt 212:207ā230
WWAP/UN-Water (2018) The United Nations world water development report 2018: nature-based solutions for water. 7, Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France
Yonge DR, Keinath TM, Poznanska K, Jiang ZP (1985) Single-solute irreversible adsorption on granular activated carbon. Environ Sci Technol 19(8):690ā694. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00138a006
Yonge DR, Keinath TM (1986) The effects of non-ideal competition on multi-component adsorption equilibria. J Water Pollut Control Fed 58:77ā81
Yousef R, Qiblawey H, El-Naas MH (2020) Adsorption as a process for produced water treatment: a review. Processes 8(12):1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121657
Zbair M, Ainassaari K, Drif A, Ojala S, Bottlinger M, PirilƤ M, Keiski RL, Bensitel M, Brahmi R (2017) Toward new benchmark adsorbents: preparation and characterization of activated carbon from argan nut shell for bisphenol A removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(2):1869ā1882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0634-6
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Barua, A. et al. (2022). Fundamentals of Adsorption Process onto Carbon, Integration with Biological Process for Treating Industrial Waste Water: Future Perspectives and Challenges. In: Roy, S., Garg, A., Garg, S., Tran, T.A. (eds) Advanced Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation of Water. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83811-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83811-9_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-83810-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-83811-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)