Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the product of the interaction of sugars and other glycation inducers with proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These compounds have several mechanisms of action. They can alter the biology of organic molecules. Proteins that have been glycated can lose their normal functions and become dysfunctional, as the case of collagen glycation, which can increase the stiffness of the vascular system with consequent dysfunction. AGEs can act on their receptors (RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end products) and activate intracellular signaling pathways leading to nuclear translocation to the transcription factor NF-kB, which induces nuclear activation to produce various inflammatory compounds and oxidative stress. In addition, receptors for AGEs can be stimulated by non-glycated compounds such as S100/calgranulins isoforms, β-amyloid, amphoterin, advanced oxidation protein products, and ligands implicated in vascular injury. These interactions are related to various diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, diseases related to chronic inflammation, and alteration of the vascular system. In diabetes, AGEs induce damage in different systems including the cardiovascular, renal, nervous, and retinal systems mainly mediated by the mechanisms mentioned above. For all these pathological processes involving the AGE/RAGE axis, the use of therapeutic strategies to diminish its effects remains of great interest.
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Abbreviations
- AGEs:
-
Advanced glycation end products
- AGE-R1, AGE-R2, or AGE-R3:
-
Advanced glycation end products receptors
- Ang II:
-
Angiotensin II
- Bcl-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- CKD:
-
Chronic kidney disease
- CML:
-
N(carboxymethyl)lysine
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- DR:
-
Diabetic retinopathy
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2
- ERM family:
-
Ezrin, Radixin, and Moesin
- GLAP:
-
Glyceraldehyde-derived pyridinium compound
- Glo1:
-
Glyoxalase 1
- GSK3:
-
Glycogen synthase kinase-3
- HIF-1α:
-
Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha
- ICAM-1:
-
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin-6
- LDL:
-
Low-density lipoproteins
- LFA-1:
-
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NF-Kb:
-
Transcription factor kappa B
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- Nrf2:
-
NF-E2-related transcription factor 2
- RAGEs:
-
Advanced glycation end products receptors
- RAS:
-
Renin angiotensin system
- S-100:
-
Proteins belong to a family of intracellular acidic, low-molecular-weight, and calcium-binding
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- VCAM-1:
-
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- Wnt:
-
Signaling pathways which begin with proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.
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Mosquera-Sulbarán, J.A., Hernández-Fonseca, J.P. (2022). Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetes. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_8-1
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