Skip to main content

Agri-Environmental Policies: Comparison and Critical Evaluation Between EU and Egyptian Structure

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Agro-Environmental Sustainability in MENA Regions

Part of the book series: Springer Water ((SPWA))

  • 668 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter outlines selected agri-environmental policies in both Egypt and the European Union (EU). It focuses on legislation introduced since the year 2000 on water and agricultural conservation, specifically ecosystem, and compares the findings to the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development guidelines. The 2030 Agenda serves as a framework for both Egypt and the EU and as a standard for international comparison. The United Nations framework, Egyptian as well as EU legislation, respectively, have been analysed with the Qualitative Data Analysis Software ATLAS.ti. Results show a graphical representation of our analysis including overlaps and gaps between the United Nations guidelines and Egyptian as well as EU legislation. Egypt and the EU have introduced legislation that covers certain aspects of the UN guidelines, however, neither of them in the whole scope. Discussing the results with respect to the conducted literature review points to possible weaknesses of both the Egyptian and EU legislation since the year 2000.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. United Nations (2019) Sustainable development goals. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/. Accessed 31 May 2019

  2. United Nations (2015) The millennium development goals report. New York, United Nations

    Google Scholar 

  3. FAO (2018) Transforming food and agriculture to achieve the SDGs: 20 interconnected actions to guide decision-makers. Rom

    Google Scholar 

  4. FAO. FAOSTAT (2019). http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country. Accessed 5 Jul 2019

  5. FAO (2019) Integrated pest management. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/ipm/en/. Accessed 5 Aug 2019

  6. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis; a report of the millennium ecosystem assessment. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  7. United Nations (2015) United Nations millennium development . https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/. Accessed 4 Jul 2019

  8. United Nations Statistics Division (2008) Millennium development goals indicators—the official united nations site for the MDG Indicators. http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Indicators/About.htm. Accessed 29 May 2019

  9. Millennium F-P, Goals D (2004) Why they matter. Glob Gov 10:395–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kenny C, Sumner A (2011) More money or more development: what have the MDGs achieved? SSRN J

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fukuda-Parr S (2016) From the millennium development goals to the sustainable development goals: shifts in purpose, concept, and politics of global goal setting for development. Gend Dev 24:43–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Biermann F, Kanie N, Kim RE (2017) Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN sustainable development goals. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 26–27:26–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. United Nations (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York

    Google Scholar 

  14. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 6 July 2017: work of the statistical commission pertaining to the 2030 agenda for sustainable development

    Google Scholar 

  15. UNESCO (2015) Water for a sustainable world. UNESCO, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  16. Martínez-Santos P (2017) Does 91% of the world’s population really have “sustainable access to safe drinking water”? Int J Water Resour Dev 33:514–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. United Nations (2000) Resolution adopted by the general assembly: united nations millennium declaration

    Google Scholar 

  18. FAO (2007) Paying farmers for environmental services. Rome

    Google Scholar 

  19. Büscher B (2012) Payments for ecosystem services as neoliberal conservation: (reinterpreting) evidence from the Maloti-Drakensberg, South Africa. Conserv Soc 10:29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kosoy N, Corbera E (2010) Payments for ecosystem services as commodity fetishism. Ecol Econ 69:1228–1236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Benjamin EO (2013) Adverse selections and microfinance in rural Africa: signalling through environmental services. Enterprise Dev Microfin 24:28–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Arab Republic of Egypt (2019) Ministry of environment website. http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/home.aspx. Accessed 6 Jul 2019

  23. Tayie MS, Negm A (2019) Administrative context and the legal framework governing water resources and agriculture in Egypt. In: Negm AM (ed) Conventional water resources and agriculture in Egypt. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 101–124

    Google Scholar 

  24. MALR (2019). Central administration of agriculture economics: ministry of agriculture and land reclamation

    Google Scholar 

  25. AbuZeid K, Elrawady M (2014) 2030 strategic vision for treated wastewater reuse in Egypt”, Water Resour Manage Prog

    Google Scholar 

  26. European Union (2019) European Union official website. https://europa.eu/european-union/index_en. Accessed 4 Jul 2019

  27. European Commission (1992) Council Directive 92/43/EEC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31992L0043. Accessed 12 Aug 2019

  28. European Commission (2009) Directive 2009/147/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32009L0147. Accessed 12 Aug 2019

  29. de Krom MPMM (2017) Farmer participation in agri-environmental schemes: regionalisation and the role of bridging social capital. Land Use Policy 60:352–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Batáry P, Dicks LV, Kleijn D, Sutherland WJ (2015) The role of agri-environment schemes in conservation and environmental management. Conserv Biol J Soc Conserv Biol 29:1006–1016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Barzman MS, Bertschinger L, Dachbrodt-Saaydeh S, Graf B, Jensen JE, Joergensen LN, et al (2014) Integrated pest management policy, research and implementation: European initiatives. In: Peshin D (Hg.) 2014—experiences with implementation, global overview, pp 415–428

    Google Scholar 

  32. European Commission (2000) Directive 2000/60/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060. Accessed 12 Aug 2019

  33. Kløve B, Allan A, Bertrand G, Druzynska E, Ertürk A, Goldscheider N et al (2011) Groundwater dependent ecosystems. Part II. Ecosystem services and management in Europe under risk of climate change and land use intensification. Environ Sci Policy 4:782–793

    Google Scholar 

  34. European Commission (1991a) Directive 91/271/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31991L0271. Accessed 12 Aug 2019

  35. European Commission (1991b). Directive 91/676/EEC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31991L0676. Accessed 12 Aug 2019

  36. European Commission (1998) Council Directive 98/83/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31998L0083. Accessed 12 Aug 2019

  37. European Commission (2006a) Directive 2006/7/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0007. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

  38. European Commission (2006b). Directive 2006/118/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0118. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

  39. European Commission (2005) 2005/35/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32005L0035. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

  40. European Commission (2018) Environment. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/reuse.htm. Accessed 17 Jul 2019

  41. Carvalho L, Mackay EB, Cardoso AC, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Birk S, Blackstock KL et al (2019) Protecting and restoring Europe’s waters: an analysis of the future development needs of the water framework directive. Sci Total Environ 658:1228–1238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Voulvoulis N, Arpon KD, Giakoumis T (2017) The EU water framework directive: from great expectations to problems with implementation. Sci Total Environ 575:358–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Trenberth KE (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Clim Res 47:123–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Power AG (2010) Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365:2959–2971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. FAO (2017) World fertilizer trends and outlook to 2020: summary report

    Google Scholar 

  46. Khedr M (2019) Challenges and Issues in water, climate change, and food security in Egypt. In: Negm AM (ed) Conventional water resources and agriculture in Egypt. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 229–243

    Google Scholar 

  47. Meguid MA (2019) Key features of the egypt’s water and agricultural resources. In: Negm AM (ed) Conventional water resources and agriculture in Egypt. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 39–99

    Google Scholar 

  48. Shamrukh M, Abdel-Wahab A (2011) Water pollution and riverbank filtration for water supply along River Nile, Egypt. In: Shamrukh M (ed) Riverbank filtration for water security in desert countries. Springer Science+Business Media B.V, Dordrecht, pp 5–28

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  49. Misheloff R (2010) Integrated water resources management II, feasibility of wastewater reuse: report no. 14

    Google Scholar 

  50. Negm AM, Omran E-SE, Awaad H, Abu-hashim M (2019) Update, conclusions, and recommendations for sustainability of the agricultural environment in Egypt: the soil–water–food nexus. In: Negm AM, Abu-hashim M (eds.) Sustainability of agricultural environment in Egypt: part I. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 351–369

    Google Scholar 

  51. Elbana TA, Bakr N, Elbana M (2019) Reuse of treated wastewater in egypt: challenges and opportunities. In: Negm AM, Abdelrahman MAM (eds) Unconventional water resources and agriculture in Egypt. Springer, Cham, pp 429–453

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ali EM, El-Magd IA (2016) Impact of human interventions and coastal processes along the Nile Delta coast, Egypt during the past twenty-five years. Egypt J Aquatic Res 42:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Abd El-Kawy OR, Rød JK, Ismail HA, Suliman AS (2011) Land use and land cover change detection in the western Nile delta of Egypt using remote sensing data. Appl Geogr 31:483–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. El-Nahry AH, Doluschitz R (2010) Climate change and its impacts on the coastal zone of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Earth Sci 59:1497–1506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Schultz J (2008) Die Ökozonen der Erde, 4th edn. Ulmer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  56. Sofroniou A, Bishop S (2014) Water scarcity in Cyprus: a review and call for integrated policy. Water 6:2898–2928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. IPCC (ed.) (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  58. BMEL (2019) Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft. https://www.bmel.de/DE/Landwirtschaft/Pflanzenbau/Ackerbau/_Texte/Ernte2018.html;nn=374460. Accessed 17 Jul 2019

  59. European Environment Agency (2018) European waters: assessment of status and pressures 2018. Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  60. Angelakis AN, Gikas P (2014) Water reuse: overview of current practices and trends in the world with emphasis on EU states 2014:67–78

    Google Scholar 

  61. Slootweg R, Rajvanshi A, Mathur VB, Kolhoff A (2009) Biodiversity in environmental assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  62. Benjamin EO, Ola O, Buchenrieder G (2018) Does an agroforestry scheme with payment for ecosystem services (PES) economically empower women in sub-Saharan Africa? Ecosyst Serv 31:1–11

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fadi Abdelradi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mutz, E., Emmanuel, B.O., Abdelradi, F., Sauer, J. (2021). Agri-Environmental Policies: Comparison and Critical Evaluation Between EU and Egyptian Structure. In: Abu-hashim, M., Khebour Allouche, F., Negm, A. (eds) Agro-Environmental Sustainability in MENA Regions. Springer Water. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78574-1_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics