Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anti-resorptive Therapies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Osteoporosis Treatment

  • 977 Accesses

Abstract

The introduction of anti-resorptive agents over recent decades has changed the perception of osteoporosis from an inevitable consequence of ageing to a treatable non-communicable disease. Anti-resorptive agents such as the bisphosphonates, denosumab, raloxifene and selective oestrogen receptor modulators modulate fracture risk by inhibiting bone resorption and predominantly act to prevent post-menopausal and age-related bone loss. The widespread adoption of anti-resoptive therapies in westernised countries has contributed to a significant reduction in the incidence of fragility fracture. This chapter discusses some of the most commonly used anti-resorptive agents, in addition to calcium and vitamin D supplementation which are often used as adjunctive therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Melton LJ 3rd, Kearns AE, Atkinson EJ, Bolander ME, Achenbach SJ, Huddleston JM, Therneau TM, Leibson CL. Secular trends in hip fracture incidence and recurrence. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(5):687–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-008-0742-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting M, Arnaud S, Garnero P, Meunier PJ. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(3):257–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980200023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Prentice RL, Pettinger MB, Jackson RD, Wactawski-Wende J, Lacroix AZ, Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Van Horn L, Vitolins MZ, Datta M, LeBlanc ES, Cauley JA, Rossouw JE. Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women’s Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(2):567–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2224-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c3691. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3691.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, Kim YI, Josse R, Vieth R, Blanco Mejia S, Viguiliouk E, Nishi S, Sahye-Pudaruth S, Paquette M, Patel D, Mitchell S, Kavanagh M, Tsirakis T, Bachiri L, Maran A, Umatheva N, McKay T, Trinidad G, Bernstein D, Chowdhury A, Correa-Betanzo J, Del Principe G, Hajizadeh A, Jayaraman R, Jenkins A, Jenkins W, Kalaichandran R, Kirupaharan G, Manisekaran P, Qutta T, Shahid R, Silver A, Villegas C, White J, Kendall CWC, Pichika SC, Sievenpiper JL. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for CVD prevention and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(22):2570–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Eleni A, Panagiotis P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of vitamin D and calcium in preventing osteoporotic fractures. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(12):3571–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-020-05122-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yao P, Bennett D, Mafham M, Lin X, Chen Z, Armitage J, Clarke R. Vitamin D and calcium for the prevention of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1917789. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17789.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, Liu L. Association between calcium or vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2017;318(24):2466–82. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19344.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Russell RG. Bisphosphonates: the first 40 years. Bone. 2011;49(1):2–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.04.022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chan CK, Mason A, Cooper C, Dennison E. Novel advances in the treatment of osteoporosis. Br Med Bull. 2016;119(1):129–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldw033.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Black DM, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, Ensrud K, Musliner T, Hochberg MC, Nevitt MC, Suryawanshi S, Cummings SR. Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the fracture intervention trial. FIT Research Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(11):4118–24. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.11.6953.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Levis S, Quandt SA, Satterfield S, Wallace RB, Bauer DC, Palermo L, Wehren LE, Lombardi A, Santora AC, Cummings SR. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the fracture intervention trial long-term extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296(24):2927–38. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.24.2927.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, McKeever CD, Hangartner T, Keller M, Chesnut CH 3rd, Brown J, Eriksen EF, Hoseyni MS, Axelrod DW, Miller PD. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA. 1999;282(14):1344–52. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.14.1344.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, Hooper M, Roux C, Brandi ML, Lund B, Ethgen D, Pack S, Roumagnac I, Eastell R. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(1):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980050010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, Zippel H, Bensen WG, Roux C, Adami S, Fogelman I, Diamond T, Eastell R, Meunier PJ, Reginster JY. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(5):333–40. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200102013440503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Roux C, Seeman E, Eastell R, Adachi J, Jackson RD, Felsenberg D, Songcharoen S, Rizzoli R, Di Munno O, Horlait S, Valent D, Watts NB. Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(4):433–9. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079903125003125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu J, Curtis EM, Cooper C, Harvey NC. State of the art in osteoporosis risk assessment and treatment. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019;42(10):1149–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01041-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Reid IR, Horne AM, Mihov B, Stewart A, Garratt E, Wong S, Wiessing KR, Bolland MJ, Bastin S, Gamble GD. Fracture prevention with Zoledronate in older women with osteopenia. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(25):2407–16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1808082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Black DM, Reid IR, Boonen S, Bucci-Rechtweg C, Cauley JA, Cosman F, Cummings SR, Hue TF, Lippuner K, Lakatos P, Leung PC, Man Z, Martinez RL, Tan M, Ruzycky ME, Su G, Eastell R. The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(2):243–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1494.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Black DM, Reid IR, Cauley JA, Cosman F, Leung PC, Lakatos P, Lippuner K, Cummings SR, Hue TF, Mukhopadhyay A, Tan M, Aftring RP, Eastell R. The effect of 6 versus 9 years of zoledronic acid treatment in osteoporosis: a randomized second extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(5):934–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2442.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Crandall CJ, Newberry SJ, Diamant A, Lim YW, Gellad WF, Booth MJ, Motala A, Shekelle PG. Comparative effectiveness of pharmacologic treatments to prevent fractures: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(10):711–23. https://doi.org/10.7326/m14-0317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tadrous M, Wong L, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN, Krahn MD, Levesque LE, Cadarette SM. Comparative gastrointestinal safety of bisphosphonates in primary osteoporosis: a network meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(4):1225–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2576-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Andrici J, Tio M, Eslick GD. Meta-analysis: oral bisphosphonates and the risk of oesophageal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36(8):708–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12041.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sun K, Liu JM, Sun HX, Lu N, Ning G. Bisphosphonate treatment and risk of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(1):279–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2158-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Maraka S, Kennel KA. Bisphosphonates for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. BMJ. 2015;351:h3783. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h3783.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Marx RE. Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61(9):1115–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(03)00720-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lo JC, O'Ryan FS, Gordon NP, Yang J, Hui RL, Martin D, Hutchinson M, Lathon PV, Sanchez G, Silver P, Chandra M, McCloskey CA, Staffa JA, Willy M, Selby JV, Go AS. Prevalence of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with oral bisphosphonate exposure. J Oral Maxillofac Surgery. 2010;68(2):243–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.03.050.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Khan AA, Morrison A, Hanley DA, Felsenberg D, McCauley LK, O'Ryan F, Reid IR, Ruggiero SL, Taguchi A, Tetradis S, Watts NB, Brandi ML, Peters E, Guise T, Eastell R, Cheung AM, Morin SN, Masri B, Cooper C, Morgan SL, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Langdahl BL, Al Dabagh R, Davison KS, Kendler DL, Sandor GK, Josse RG, Bhandari M, El Rabbany M, Pierroz DD, Sulimani R, Saunders DP, Brown JP, Compston J. Diagnosis and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw: a systematic review and international consensus. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(1):3–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, Reid IR, Boonen S, Cauley JA, Cosman F, Lakatos P, Leung PC, Man Z, Mautalen C, Mesenbrink P, Hu H, Caminis J, Tong K, Rosario-Jansen T, Krasnow J, Hue TF, Sellmeyer D, Eriksen EF, Cummings SR. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(18):1809–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa067312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Choi WS, Lee JI, Yoon HJ, Min CK, Lee SH. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a preliminary retrospective study of 130 patients with multiple myeloma. Maxillofac Plastic Reconstr Surg. 2017;39(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-016-0099-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mohan PC, Howe TS, Koh JS, Png MA. Radiographic features of multifocal endosteal thickening of the femur in patients on long-term bisphosphonate therapy. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(1):222–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-012-2587-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gedmintas L, Solomon DH, Kim SC. Bisphosphonates and risk of subtrochanteric, femoral shaft, and atypical femur fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(8):1729–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1893.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Dell RM, Adams AL, Greene DF, Funahashi TT, Silverman SL, Eisemon EO, Zhou H, Burchette RJ, Ott SM. Incidence of atypical nontraumatic diaphyseal fractures of the femur. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(12):2544–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1719.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Miller PD. The kidney and bisphosphonates. Bone. 2011;49(1):77–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Reid IR, Gamble GD, Mesenbrink P, Lakatos P, Black DM. Characterization of and risk factors for the acute-phase response after zoledronic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):4380–7. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0597.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, Siris ES, Eastell R, Reid IR, Delmas P, Zoog HB, Austin M, Wang A, Kutilek S, Adami S, Zanchetta J, Libanati C, Siddhanti S, Christiansen C. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8):756–65. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0809493.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bone HG, Wagman RB, Brandi ML, Brown JP, Chapurlat R, Cummings SR, Czerwinski E, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Kendler DL, Lippuner K, Reginster JY, Roux C, Malouf J, Bradley MN, Daizadeh NS, Wang A, Dakin P, Pannacciulli N, Dempster DW, Papapoulos S. 10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(7):513–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30138-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, Gilchrist N, Jensen JB, McClung M, Roux C, Törring O, Valter I, Wang AT, Brown JP. Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of Denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(2):190–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3337.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Makras P, Aubry-Rozier B, Kaouri S, Lamy O. Clinical features of 24 patients with rebound-associated vertebral fractures after Denosumab discontinuation: systematic review and additional cases. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(6):1291–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. McClung MR, Wagman RB, Miller PD, Wang A, Lewiecki EM. Observations following discontinuation of long-term denosumab therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(5):1723–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-3919-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer JP, Tucci JR, Emkey RD, Tonino RP, Rodriguez-Portales JA, Downs RW, Gupta J, Santora AC, Liberman UA. Ten years’ experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(12):1189–99. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030897.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Deeks ED. Denosumab: a review in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drugs Aging. 2018;35(2):163–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-018-0525-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Donneau AF, Reginster JY. Cardiovascular safety of strontium ranelate: real-life assessment in clinical practice. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(2):397–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2583-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, Dempster DW, Ebeling PR, Felsenberg D, Gagel RF, Gilsanz V, Guise T, Koka S, McCauley LK, McGowan J, McKee MD, Mohla S, Pendrys DG, Raisz LG, Ruggiero SL, Shafer DM, Shum L, Silverman SL, Van Poznak CH, Watts N, Woo SB, Shane E. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(10):1479–91. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.0707onj.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Reginster JY, Seeman E, De Vernejoul MC, Adami S, Compston J, Phenekos C, Devogelaer JP, Curiel MD, Sawicki A, Goemaere S, Sorensen OH, Felsenberg D, Meunier PJ. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: TREATMENT of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):2816–22. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, Christiansen C, Delmas PD, Zanchetta JR, Stakkestad J, Gluer CC, Krueger K, Cohen FJ, Eckert S, Ensrud KE, Avioli LV, Lips P, Cummings SR. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282(7):637–45. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.7.637.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N, Clarke BL, Harris ST, Hurley DL, Kleerekoper M, Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Narula HS, Pessah-Pollack R, Tangpricha V, Wimalawansa SJ, Watts NB. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis—2016. Endocrine Practice. 2016;22(Suppl 4):1–42. https://doi.org/10.4158/ep161435.gl.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Delmas PD, Ensrud KE, Adachi JD, Harper KD, Sarkar S, Gennari C, Reginster JY, Pols HA, Recker RR, Harris ST, Wu W, Genant HK, Black DM, Eastell R. Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: four-year results from a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(8):3609–17. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.8.8750.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tu KN, Lie JD, Wan CKV, Cameron M, Austel AG, Nguyen JK, Van K, Hyun D. Osteoporosis: a review of treatment options. P&T. 2018;43(2):92–104.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321–33. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Silverman SL, Adachi JD, Dennison E. Bisphosphonate drug holidays: we reap what we sow. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(3):849–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3453-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Dennison EM, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Bruyere O, Silverman S, McCloskey E, Abrahamsen B, Prieto-Alhambra D, Ferrari S. Fracture risk following intermission of osteoporosis therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(9):1733–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05002-w.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Shane E, Burr D, Ebeling PR, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, Cheung AM, Cosman F, Curtis JR, Dell R, Dempster D, Einhorn TA, Genant HK, Geusens P, Klaushofer K, Koval K, Lane JM, McKiernan F, McKinney R, Ng A, Nieves J, O'Keefe R, Papapoulos S, Sen HT, van der Meulen MC, Weinstein RS, Whyte M. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(11):2267–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, Camacho PM, Clarke BL, Clines GA, Compston JE, Drake MT, Edwards BJ, Favus MJ, Greenspan SL, McKinney R Jr, Pignolo RJ, Sellmeyer DE. Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(1):16–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, Gittoes N, Gregson C, Harvey N, Hope S, Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Poole KES, Reid DM, Selby P, Thompson F, Thurston A, Vine N. UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos. 2017;12(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-017-0324-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Watts NB, Chines A, Olszynski WP, McKeever CD, McClung MR, Zhou X, Grauer A. Fracture risk remains reduced one year after discontinuation of risedronate. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(3):365–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-007-0460-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Southampton, UK

    Michael Clynes

  2. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Elaine Dennison

Authors
  1. Michael Clynes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elaine Dennison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elaine Dennison .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Elaine Dennison

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Clynes, M., Dennison, E. (2021). Anti-resorptive Therapies. In: Dennison, E. (eds) Osteoporosis Treatment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78128-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78128-6_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-78127-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-78128-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation