Abstract
There have been many attempts investigating how environmental conditions are affected by economic growth in the literature by mainly following the environmental Kuznets curve approach that is figured out an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. However, the literature has ignored the role of growth dynamics in this relationship by using economic growth instead of employing essential factors of growth equations. Contrary to prevailing literature, this study employs labour, capital and human capital factors as main drivers of economic growth. The study also observes environmental deterioration by using the ecological footprint that is widely accepted as a strong environmental sustainability indicator recently. Empirical results produced by advanced panel data methodologies taking cross-section dependence into account for emerging economies confirm that human capital accumulation that is the unique driver of economic growth is useful to shrink ecological footprint.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Uzawa [52] model, considered one of the pioneers of endogenous growth literature, explains long-run economic growth as a result of human capital accumulation.
- 2.
Lucas [32] has included human capital accumulation in his model by addressing it through schooling and learning by doing.
- 3.
Climate neutrality means increasing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible.
References
Acemoglu D, Aghion P, Bursztyn L, Hemous D (2012) The environment and directed technical change. Am Econ Rev 102(1):131–166
Acemoglu D, Akcigit U, Hanley D, Kerr W (2016) Transition to clean technology. J Polit Econ 124(1):52–104. https://doi.org/10.1086/684511
Aghion P, Howitt P (1992) A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica 60(2). The Econometric Society. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951599
Ahmed Z, Zafar MW, Ali S, Danish (2020) Linking urbanization, human capital, and the ecological footprint in G7 countries: an empirical analysis. Sustain Cities Soc 55(102064):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102064
Apergis N, Payne JE (2010) Energy consumption and growth in South America: evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Econ 32(6):1421–1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.04.006
Arrow KJ (1962) The economic implications of learning by doing. Rev Econ Stud 29(3):155–173
Bai J, Kao C, Ng S (2009) Panel cointegration with global stochastic trends. J Econometrics 149(1):82–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.10.012
Bano S, Zhao Y, Ahmad A, Wang S, Liu Y (2018) Identifying the impacts of human capital on carbon emissions in Pakistan. J Clean Prod 183:1082–1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.008
Bartleet M, Gounder R (2010) Energy consumption and economic growth in New Zealand: results of trivariate and multivariate models. Energy Policy 38(7):3508–3517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.025
Bello MO, Solarin SA, Yen YY (2018) The impact of electricity consumption on CO2 emission, carbon footprint, water footprint and ecological footprint: the role of hydropower in an emerging economy. J Environ Manage 219:218–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.101
Bilgili F, Ulucak R, Koçak E, İlkay SC (2020) Does globalization matter for environmental sustainability? Empirical investigation for Turkey by Markov regime switching models. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(1):1087–1100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06996-w
BP (2019) BP statistical review of world energy
BP (2020) BP statistical review of world energy
Breusch TS, Pagan AR (1980) The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Rev Econ Stud 47(1):239. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
Brock WA, Taylor MS (2010) The green Solow model. J Econ Growth 15(2):127–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-010-9051-0
Caviglia-Harris JL, Chambers D, Kahn JR (2009) Taking the “U” out of Kuznets. A comprehensive analysis of the EKC and environmental degradation. Ecol Econ 68(4):1149–1159
Chankrajang T, Muttarak R (2017) Green returns to education: does schooling contribute to pro-environmental behaviours? Evidence from Thailand. Ecol Econ 131:434–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.09.015
Charfeddine L, Mrabet Z (2017) The impact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: a panel data analysis for 15 MENA countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 76:138–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.031
Chen Y, Fang Z (2018) Industrial electricity consumption, human capital investment and economic growth in Chinese cities. Econ Model 69:205–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.09.021
Choi I (2015) Panel cointegration. In: Baltagi BH (ed) The Oxford handbook of panel data. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 46–75
Danish Hassan ST, Baloch MA, Mahmood N, Zhang JW, Mehmood N, Zhang JW (2019) Linking economic growth and ecological footprint through human capital and biocapacity. Sustain Cities Soc 47:101516. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670719300459
Danish, Ulucak R (2020) Linking biomass energy and CO2 emissions in China using dynamic autoregressive-distributed lag simulations. J Clean Prod 250: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119533
Destek MA, Sinha A (2020) Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. J Clean Prod 242: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
Farhani S, Shahbaz M, Sbia R, Chaibi A (2014) What does MENA region initially need: grow output or mitigate CO2 emissions? Econ Model 38:270–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.001
Gill AR, Viswanathan KK, Hassan S (2018) The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and the environmental problem of the day. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 81:1636–1642. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2017.05.247
Grossman GM, Helpman E (1991) Innovation and growth in the global economy. MIT Press, Cambridge
Grossman GM, Krueger AB (1991) Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. In: National bureau of economic research working paper series, No. 3914(3914), pp 1–57. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
Grossman GM, Krueger AB (1995) Economic growth and the environment. Q J Econ 110(2):353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
Hassan ST, Xia E, Huang J, Khan NH, Iqbal K (2019) Economic growth, natural resources, and ecological footprint: evidence from Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:2929–2938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04890-z
Kao C (1999) Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. J Econometrics 90(1):1–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2
Lean HH, Smyth R (2010) On the dynamics of aggregate output, electricity consumption and exports in Malaysia: evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests. Appl Energy 87(6):1963–1971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.017
Lucas RE (1988) On the mechanics of economic development. J Monetary Econ 22(1):3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
Mincer J (1984) Human capital and economic growth. Econ Educ Rev 3(3):195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(84)90032-3
Moffatt I (2000) Ecological footprints and sustainable development. Ecol Econ 32
Omri A, Daly S, Rault C, Chaibi A (2015) Financial development, environmental quality, trade and economic growth: what causes what in MENA countries. Energy Econ 48:242–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENECO.2015.01.008
Panayotou T (1993) Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. In: Working paper WP238
Pesaran MH (2004a) General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. In: Cambridge working papers in economics
Pesaran MH (2004b) General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, no 1233, CWPE 0435
Pesaran MH, Ullah A, Yamagata T (2008) A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics J 11(1):105–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x
Phillips PCB, Hansen BE (1990) Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. Rev Econ Stud 57(1):99. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297545
Purcel AA (2020) New insights into the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in developing and transition economies: a literature survey. Environ Econ Policy Stud 22(4):585–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-020-00272-9
Romer D (2006) Advanced macroeconomics, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Romer PM (1986) Increasing returns and long-run growth. J Polit Econ 94(5):1002–1037
Romer PM (1990) Endogenous technological change. J Polit Econ 98(5):71–102. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937632
Sabir S, Gorus MS (2019) The impact of globalization on ecological footprint: empirical evidence from the South Asian countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06458-3
Sadorsky P (2012) Energy consumption, output and trade in South America. Energy Econ 34(2):476–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.12.008
Sarkodie SA, Adams S, Owusu PA, Leirvik T, Ozturk I (2020) Mitigating degradation and emissions in China: the role of environmental sustainability, human capital and renewable energy. Sci Total Environ 719:137530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137530
Shafik N, Bandyopadhyay S (1992) Economic growth and environmental quality : time series and cross-country evidence. In: Policy research working paper series 904, The World Bank
Smith LV, Leybourne S, Kim T-H, Newbold P (2004) More powerful panel data unit root tests with an application to mean reversion in real exchange rates. J Appl Econometrics 19(2):147–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.723
Solow RM (1956) A contribution to the theory of economic growth, vol 70, no 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
Ulucak R, Bilgili F (2018) A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. J Clean Prod 188:144–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.191
Uzawa H (1965) Optimum technical change in an aggregative model of economic growth. Int Econ Rev 6(1):18–31
Wackernagel M, Rees W (1996) Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth. In: The new catalyst bioregional series (issue 9). New Society Publishers
Westerlund J (2008) Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. J Appl Econometrics 23(2):193–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.967
Zafar MW, Zaidi SAH, Khan NR, Mirza FM, Hou F, Kirmani SAA (2019) The impact of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint: the case of the United States. Resour Policy 63(101428):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101428
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ulucak, Z.S., Ilkay, S.C., Koseoglu, A., Savas, S. (2022). How Does Ecological Footprint React to Economic Growth Dynamics? Evidence from Emerging Economies. In: Ren, J. (eds) Advances of Footprint Family for Sustainable Energy and Industrial Systems. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76441-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76441-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-76440-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-76441-8
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)