Abstract
Brazil is the 5th largest country with the 6th largest population in the world; 25% of its population live along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Urban and industrial development was historically not met by the implementation of appropriate sanitation infrastructure and is therefore insufficient today. Additionally, only minimal treatment is required to dispose of sewage via submarine outfalls into the sea. Marine pollution is diverse: domestic sewage carries feces, which can contain potentially harmful microorganisms. Feces are fertilizers, causing eutrophication, and they contain pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. Industrial sewage contains trace metals in large quantities and organic pollutants. Huge amounts of mine tailings are accidentally spilled into rivers far from the coast but reach the sea eventually. Careless handling of products in harbors and during transport leads to unintended release of organic and petrochemical pollutants, fertilizers and microplastic pellets. Heavy rainfall flushes litter from landfills or from unattended trash collection sites into rivers and the sea. This chapter gives an overview over types of pollution occurring in Brazil and a more detailed picture of the pollution situation in two of the areas under most anthropogenic pressure, the Santos Bay Region in São Paulo State and Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro State.
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Strauch, S.M., Erzinger, G.S. (2021). Anthropogenic Pollution of Coastal Ecosystems in Brazil. In: Häder, DP., Helbling, E.W., Villafañe, V.E. (eds) Anthropogenic Pollution of Aquatic Ecosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75602-4_9
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