Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Advanced Neuroimaging of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Concussions in Athletics

  • 674 Accesses

Abstract

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) constitutes the majority of brain trauma cases. Despite its prevalence, detection in clinical imaging remains a challenge as does the ability to predict duration and extent of disability. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods combined with improved data analytic techniques have already demonstrated the potential to meet this challenge. This chapter reviews the recent progress in detection and outcome prediction in mTBI using the latest MRI techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and susceptibility-weighted imaging and mapping (SWI and SWIM), among others. In DTI investigations, several recent published reports have found that DTI is sensitive to alterations in white matter microstructure, not revealed by conventional MRI. More specifically, DTI reveals alterations in the microstructure of white matter axons caused by traumatic shear and stretch, which have been shown to correlate with clinical severity indicators and neuropsychological deficits. It can also demonstrate large-scale brain network changes after injury. In SWI/SWIM research, by virtue of its excellent sensitivity to iron and deoxygenated hemoglobin, SWI/SWIM has demonstrated exquisite detection of microhemorrhages and further quantification of hemorrhage and blood oxygenation. Used together, these advanced imaging techniques have the potential to serve as a set of surrogate biomarkers which can be used in determining prognosis and will likely have a major role in animal and human therapeutic trials, both to improve selection criteria of experimental subjects and to provide a number of new biomarkers to follow, in addition to conventional clinical and behavioral measures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kay T. Neuropsychological treatment of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993;8:74–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. National Institutes of Health. NIH consensus development panel on rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury. JAMA. 1999;282:974–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Faul MXL, Wald MM, Coronado VG. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. CDC. Report to congress on mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: steps to prevent a serious public health problem. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bazarian JJ, McClung J, Shah MN, Cheng YT, Flesher W, Kraus J. Mild traumatic brain injury in the United States, 1998-2000. Brain Inj. 2005;19(2):85–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ruff R. Two decades of advances in understanding of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20(1):5–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gennarelli TA. Mechanisms of brain injury. J Emerg Med. 1993;11:5–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bazarian JJ, Wong T, Harris M, et al. Epidemiology and predictors of post-concussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population. Brain Inj. 1999;13:173–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Alves W, Macciocchi SN, Barth JT. Postconcussive symptoms after uncomplicated mild head injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993;8(3):48–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Warden D. Military TBI during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21(5):398–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Belanger HG, Vanderploeg RD, Curtiss G, Warden DL. Recent neuroimaging techniques in mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19(1):5–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. National Academy of Neuropsychology. Mild traumatic brain injury-an online course. Denver: National Academy of Neuropsychology; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Tellier A, Della Malva LC, Cwinn A, Grahovac S, Morrish W, Brennan-Barnes M. Mild head injury: a misnomer. Brain Inj. 1999;13:463–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tong KA, Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, Shutter LA, Herigault G, Haacke EM, Kido D. Hemorrhagic shearing lesions in children and adolescents with posttraumatic diffuse axonal injury: improved detection and initial results. Radiology. 2003;27(2):332–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Holshouser BA, Tong KA, Ashwal S, Oyoyo U, Ghamsary M, Saunders D, Shutter L. Prospective longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging in adult traumatic brain injury. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;24:33–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Marmarou A, Signoretti S, Fatouros PP, Portella G, Aygok GA, Bullock MR. Predominance of cellular edema in traumatic brain swelling in patients with severe head injuries. J Neurosurg. 2006;104(5):720–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Benson RR, Meda SA, Vasudevan S, Kou Z, Govindarajan KA, Hanks RA, et al. Global white matter analysis of diffusion tensor images is predictive of injury severity in TBI. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(3):446–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kim J, Whyte J, Patel S, Avants B, Europa E, Wang J, Slattery J, Gee JC, Coslett HB, Detre JA. Resting cerebral blood flow alterations in chronic traumatic brain injury: an arterial spin labeling perfusion FMRI study. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(8):1399–411.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. McAllister TW, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, Sparling MB, Johnson SC, Guerin SJ, Mamourian AC, Weaver JB, Yanofsky N. Brain activation during working memory 1 month after mild traumatic brain injury: a functional MRI study. Neurology. 1999;53(6):1300–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rinder L, Olsson Y. Studies on vascular permeability changes in experimental brain concussion, part 2. Duration of altered permeability. Acta Neuropathol. 1968;11:201–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Povlishock JT, Kontos HA, Rosenblum WI, et al. A scanning electron microscope analysis of the intraparenchymal brain vasculature following experimental hypertension. Acta Neuropathol. 1980;51:203–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Povlishock JT, Kontos HA. The pathophysiology of pial and intraparenchymal vascular dysfunction. In: Grossman RG, Gildenberg PL, editors. Head injury, basic and clinical aspects. New York: Raven Press; 1982. p. 15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Maxwell WL, Irvine A, Adams JH, et al. Response of cerebral microvasculature to brain injury. J Pathol. 1988;155:327–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Manley GT, Diaz-Arrastia R, Brophy M, Engel D, Goodman C, Gwinn K, Veenstra TD, Ling G, Ottens AK, Tortella F, Hayes RL. Common data elements for traumatic brain injury: recommendations from the biospecimens and biomarkers working group. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;9(11):1667–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Williams DH, Levin HS, Eisenberg HM. Mild head injury classification. Neurosurgery. 1990;217(3):442–8.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Yuh EL, Mukherjee P, Lingsma HF, Yue JK, Ferguson AR, Gordon WA, Valadka AB, Schnyer DM, Okonkwo DO, Maas AI, Manley GT, TRACK-TBI investigators. Magnetic resonance imaging improves 3-month outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol. 2013;73(2):224–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Paterakis K, Karantanas AH, Komnos A, Volikas Z. Outcome of patients with diffuse axonal injury: the significance and prognostic value of MRI in the acute phase. J Trauma. 2000;49:1071–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Reichenbach JR, Venkatesan R, Schillinger DJ, Kido DK, Haacke EM. Small vessels in the human brain: MR venography with deoxyhemoglobin as an intrinsic contrast agent. Radiology. 1997;204:272–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tong KA, Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, Nickerson JP, Wall CJ, Shutter LA, Osterdock RJ, Haacke EM, Kido D. Diffuse axonal injury in children: clinical correlation with hemorrhagic lesions. Ann Neurol. 2004;56:36–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Babikian T, Freier MC, Tong KA, Nickerson JP, Wall CJ, Holshouser BA, Burley T, Riggs ML, Ashwal S. Susceptibility weighted imaging: neuropsychologic outcome and pediatric head injury. Pediatr Neurol. 2005;33(3):184–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kou Z, Benson RR, Haacke EM. Susceptibility weighted imaging in traumatic brain injury. In: Gillard J, Waldman A, Barker P, editors. Clinical MR Neuroimaging. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Thulborn KR, Sorensen AG, Kowall NW, McKee A, Lai A, McKinstry RC, Moore J, Rosen BR, Brady TJ. The role of ferritin and hemosiderin in the MR appearance of cerebral hemorrhage: a histopathologic biochemical study in rats. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990;11:291–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Bradley WG. MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology. 1993;189:15–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. DA Schweser F, Lehr BW, Reichenbach JR. Differentiation between diamagnetic and paramagnetic cerebral lesions based on magnetic susceptibility mapping. Med Phys. 2010;37(10):5165–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Jamjoom AAJA. Safety and efficacy of early pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in traumatic brain injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30(7):503–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Haacke EM, Tang J, Neelavalli J, Cheng YCN. Susceptibility mapping as a means to visualize veins and quantify oxygen saturation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32:663–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Dong MXG, Keep RF, Hua Y. Role of iron in brain lipocalin 2 upregulation after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Brain Res. 2013;1505:86–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Okubo SSJ, Keep RF, Hua Y, Xi G. Subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced hydrocephalus in rats. Stroke. 2013;44(2):547–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wang LXG, Keep RF, Hua Y. Iron enhances the neurotoxicity of amyloid β. Transl Stroke Res. 2012;3(1):107–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Okubo SXG, Keep RF, Muraszko KM, Hua Y. Cerebral hemorrhage, brain edema, and heme oxygenase-1 expression after experimental traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2013;118:83–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Keep RFHY, Xi G. Intracerebral haemorrhage: mechanisms of injury and therapeutic targets. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(8):720–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Mac Donald CL, Dikranian K, Song SK, Bayly PV, Holtzman DM, DL B. Detection of traumatic axonal injury with diffusion tensor imaging in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2007;205(2007):116–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Kou Z, Shen Y, Zakaria N, Kallakuri S, Cavanaugh JM, Yu Y, et al. Correlation of fractional anisotropy with histology for diffuse axonal injury in a Rat Model. Joint Annual Meeting ISMRM-ESMRMB; May 19–25, 2007; Berlin, Germany, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Shimony JS, McKinstry RC, Akbudak E, Aronovitz JA, Snyder AZ, Lori NF, et al. Quantitative diffusion-tensor anisotropy brain MR imaging: normative human data and anatomic analysis. Radiology. 1999;212:770–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Conturo TE, McKinstry RC, Akbudak E, Robinson BH. Encoding of anisotropic diffusion with tetrahedral gradients: a general mathematical diffusion formalism and experimental results. Magn Reson Med. 1996;35:399–412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Niogi SN, Mukherjee P. Diffusion tensor imaging of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010;25(4):241–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Chu Z, Wilde EA, Hunter JV, McCauley SR, Bigler ED, Troyanskaya M, Yallampalli R, Chia JM, Levin HS. Voxel-based analysis of diffusion tensor imaging in mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(2):340–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Wu TC, Wilde EA, Bigler ED, Yallampalli R, McCauley SR, Troyanskaya M, Chu Z, Li X, Hanten G, Hunter JV, Levin HS. Evaluating the relationship between memory functioning and cingulum bundles in acute mild traumatic brain injury using diffusion tensor imaging. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(2):303–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Wilde EA, McCauley SR, Hunter JV, Bigler ED, Chu Z, Wang ZJ, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of acute mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents. Neurology. 2008;70(12):948–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bazarian JJ, Zhong J, Blyth B, Zhu T, Kavcic V, Peterson D. Diffusion tensor imaging detects clinically important axonal damage after mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(9):1447–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mayer AR, Ling J, Mannell MV, Gasparovic C, Phillips JP, Doezema D, et al. A prospective diffusion tensor imaging study in mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2010;74(8):643–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Inglese M, Makani S, Johnson G, Cohen BA, Silver JA, Gonen O, et al. Diffuse axonal injury in mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:298–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Arfanakis K, Haughton VM, Carew JD, Rogers BP, Dempsey RJ, ME M. Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:794–802.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Bazarian JJZT, Blyth B, Borrino A, Zhong J. Subject-specific changes in brain white matter on diffusion tensor imaging after sports-related concussion. Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;30(2):171–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Zhifeng Kou RG, Kobeissy F, Welch R, O’Neil B, Woodard J, Ayaz SI, Kulek A, Kas’shamoun R, Mika V, Zuk C, Haacke EM, Hayes R, Tomasello F, Mondello S. Combining biochemical and imaging markers to improve diagnosis and characterization of mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting: results from a pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):e80296.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Messé A, Caplain S, Paradot G, Garrigue D, Mineo JF, Soto Ares G, Ducreux D, Vignaud F, Rozec G, Desal H, Pélégrini-Issac M, Montreuil M, Benali H, Lehéricy S. Diffusion tensor imaging and white matter lesions at the subacute stage in mild traumatic brain injury with persistent neurobehavioral impairment. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011;32(6):999–1011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lipton ML, Gulko E, Zimmerman ME, Friedman BW, Kim M, Gellella E, Gold T, Shifteh K, Ardekani BA, Branch CA. Diffusion-tensor imaging implicates prefrontal axonal injury in executive function impairment following very mild traumatic brain injury. Radiology. 2009;252(3):816–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Miles L, Grossman RI, Johnson G, Babb JS, Diller L, Inglese M. Short-term DTI predictors of cognitive dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2008;22(2):115–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Cubon VA, Putukian M, Boyer C, Dettwiler A. A diffusion tensor imaging study on the white matter skeleton in individuals with sports-related concussion. J Neurotrauma. 2011;28(2):189–201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Lo C, Shifteh K, Gold T, Bello JA, Lipton ML. Diffusion tensor imaging abnormalities in patients with mild traumatic brain injury and neurocognitive impairment. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2009;33(2):293–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Niogi SN, Mukherjee P, Ghajar J, Johnson C, Kolster RA, Sarkar R, et al. Extent of microstructural white matter injury in postconcussive syndrome correlates with impaired cognitive reaction time: a 3T diffusion tensor imaging study of mild traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(5):967–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Lipton ML, Kim N, Park YK, Hulkower MB, Gardin TM, Shifteh K, Kim M, Zimmerman ME, Lipton RB, Branch CA. Robust detection of traumatic axonal injury in individual mild traumatic brain injury patients: intersubject variation, change over time and bidirectional changes in anisotropy. Brain Imaging Behav. 2012;6(2):329–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Newcombe VF, Williams GB, Nortje J, Bradley PG, Harding SG, Smielewski P, et al. Analysis of acute traumatic axonal injury using diffusion tensor imaging. Br J Neurosurg. 2007;21(4):340–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Levin HS, Wilde EA, Chu Z, Yallampalli R, Hanten GR, Li X, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in relation to cognitive and functional outcome of traumatic brain injury in children. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23(4):197–208.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Kou Z, Gattu R, Benson RR, Raz N, Haacke EM, editors. Region of interest analysis of DTI FA histogram differentiates mild traumatic brain injury from controls. In: Proceedings of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Toronto, Canada, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Wozniak JR, Krach L, Ward E, Mueller BA, Muetzel R, Schnoebelen S, et al. Neurocognitive and neuroimaging correlates of pediatric traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;22(5):555–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Rutgers DR, Fillard P, Paradot G, Tadié M, Lasjaunias P. Diffusion tensor imaging characteristics of the corpus callosum in mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(9):1730–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Kraus MF, Susmaras T, Caughlin BP, Walker CJ, Sweeney JA, DM L. White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain. 2007;130:2508–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sidaros A, Engberg AW, Sidaros K, Liptrot MG, Herning M, Petersen P, Paulson OB, Jernigan TL, Rostrup E. Diffusion tensor imaging during recovery from severe traumatic brain injury and relation to clinical outcome: a longitudinal study. Brain. 2008;131(Pt2):559–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kumar R, Saksena S, Husain M, Srivastava A, Rathore RK, Agarwal S, Gupta RK. Serial changes in diffusion tensor imaging metrics of corpus callosum in moderate traumatic brain injury patients and their correlation with neuropsychometric tests: a 2-year follow-up study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010;25(1):31–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kou Z, VandeVord PJ. Traumatic white matter injury and glial activation. Glia. 2014;62(11):1831–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Niogi SN, Mukherjee P, Ghajar J, Johnson CE, Kolster R, Lee H, Suh M, Zimmerman RD, Manley GT, McCandliss BD. Structural dissociation of attentional control and memory in adults with and without mild traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2008;131(12):3209–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Grossman EJ, Ge Y, Jensen JH, Babb JS, Miles L, Reaume J, Silver JM, Grossman RI, Inglese M. Thalamus and cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusional kurtosis imaging study. J Neurotrauma. 2011;29(13):2318–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ge Y, Patel MB, Chen Q, Grossman EJ, Zhang K, Miles L, Babb JS, Reaume J, Grossman RI. Assessment of thalamic perfusion in patients with mild traumatic brain injury by true FISP arterial spin labelling MR imaging at 3T. Brain Inj. 2009;23(7):666–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Iraji ACH, Wiseman N, Zhang T, Welch R, O’Neil BJ, Kulek A, Ayaz S, Wang X, Zuk C, Haacke EM, Liu T, Kou Z. Connectome-scale assessment of structural and functional connectivity in mild traumatic brain injury at the acute state. Neuroimage Clin. 2016;12:100–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Passingham RE, Stephan KE, Kötter R. The anatomical basis of functional localization in the cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3(8):606–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Bazarian JJ, McClung J, Cheng YT, Flesher W, Schneider SM. Emergency department management of mild traumatic brain injury in the USA. Emerg Med J. 2005;22:473–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Jagoda AS, Bazarian JJ, Bruns JJ Jr, Cantrill SV, Gean AD, Howard PK, et al. Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52(6):714–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Zhifeng Kou PV. Traumatic glial and white matter injury: review. Glia. 2013; Accepted.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    Zhifeng Kou

  2. Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    E. Mark Haacke

Authors
  1. Zhifeng Kou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Mark Haacke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhifeng Kou .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Kinesiology and Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Semyon M. Slobounov

  2. Department of Orthopedics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA

    Wayne J. Sebastianelli

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kou, Z., Haacke, E.M. (2021). Advanced Neuroimaging of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. In: Slobounov, S.M., Sebastianelli, W.J. (eds) Concussions in Athletics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75564-5_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75564-5_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-75563-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-75564-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation