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Physiology of Heart Rate

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Cardiopulmonary Monitoring

Abstract

Changes in heart rate are a major regulator of normal cardiac output, and thus a key component of adaptations in the cardiovascular system. The direct regulation of heart rate at the cellular level has evolved with a complex system of processes that regulate the currents across the cardiac membranes. These set spontaneous cyclic activation and lengths of the action potential which determine the lengths of systole and diastole. This cyclic nature of cardiac output creates important limitations on the circulation because it sets the time available for filling and the time available for ejection. These limits affect the maximum possible outputs from the heart and can lead to pathological processes. Heart rate is regulated by intrinsic processes in the membranes of the pacemaker of the heart (sinoatrial node), the conducting system of the heart, and neural and humoral regulating factors. Heart rate normally increases in proportion to what is called the relative workload but also can be altered by many factors not directly related to metabolic needs. The interplay of all these factors need to be considered by critical care physicians managing patients at the bedside.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dalhousie University, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Halifax, NS, Canada

    T. Alexander Quinn

  2. Royal Victoria Hospital (McGill University Health Centre), Departments of Critical Care and Physiology McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Sheldon Magder

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  1. T. Alexander Quinn
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  2. Sheldon Magder
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Correspondence to Sheldon Magder .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Royal Victoria Hospital (McGill University Health Centre), Departments of Critical Care and Physiology McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Sheldon Magder

  2. UC San Diego, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Atul Malhotra

  3. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Kathryn A. Hibbert

  4. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Charles Corey Hardin

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Quinn, T.A., Magder, S. (2021). Physiology of Heart Rate. In: Magder, S., Malhotra, A., Hibbert, K.A., Hardin, C.C. (eds) Cardiopulmonary Monitoring. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73387-2_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73387-2_7

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