Abstract
Mechanochemistry has gained significant interest as a powerful, more sustainable, timesaving, environmentally friendly, and more economical synthesis method to prepare new functional materials. This method depends on the chemical and physicochemical transformations through mechanical force forming by grinding and milling. This study is a systematic review of the history, principles, mechanisms, and kinetics of mechanochemistry. The effects of mechanochemical synthesis parameters (milling types, materials, size, time, temperature, atmosphere, revolution speed, frequency, ball/powder weight ratio, filling ratio, process control agents) were detailed explained. The current researches about the mechanochemical synthesis of co-crystals, inorganic materials, metal–organic frameworks, porous organic materials, and polymers, their respective characteristics, challenges, and future improvements were briefly discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Achimovičová M, Gotor FJ, Real C, Daneu N (2012) Mechanochemical synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline BiSe, Bi2Se3 semiconductors. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 23(10):1844–1850
Adams CJ, Kurawa MA, Lusi M, Orpen AG (2008) Solid state synthesis of coordination compounds from basic metal salts. CrystEngComm 10(12):1790–1795
Aitipamula S, Banerjee R, Bansal AK, Biradha K, Cheney ML, Choudhury AR, Desiraju GR, Dikundwar AG, Dubey R, Duggirala N (2012) Polymorphs, salts, and cocrystals: what’s in a name? Cryst Growth Des 12(5):2147–2152
Aleksanyan DV, Churusova SG, Aysin RR, Klemenkova ZS, Nelyubina YV, Kozlov VA (2017) The first example of mechanochemical synthesis of organometallic pincer complexes. Inorg Chem Commun 76:33–35
Anastas PT, Tundo P (2000) Green chemistry: challenging perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Avila-Ortiz CG, Pérez-Venegas M, Vargas-Caporali J, Juaristi E (2019) Recent applications of mechanochemistry in enantioselective synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 60(27):1749–1757
Baláž P (2008) Mechanochemistry in nanoscience and minerals engineering. Springer, Berlin
Baláž P, Aláčová A, Achimovičová M, Ficeriova J, Godočíková E (2005) Mechanochemistry in hydrometallurgy of sulphide minerals. Hydrometallurgy 77(1–2):9–17
Baláž P, Baláž M, Achimovičová M, Bujňáková Z, Dutková E (2017) Chalcogenide mechanochemistry in materials science: insight into synthesis and applications (a review). J Mater Sci 52(20):11851–11890
Baláz M, Achimovicová M, Baláz P, Dutková E, Fabián M, Kovácová M, Bujnáková ZL, Tóthová E (2020) Mechanochemistry as a versatile and scalable tool for nanomaterials synthesis: Recent achievements in Košice, Slovakia. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 24:7–13
Begin-Colin S, Caer GL, Mocellin A, Zandona M (1994) Polymorphic transformations of titania induced by ball milling. Philos Mag Lett 69(1):1–7
Begin-Colin S, Girot T, Le Caër G, Mocellin A (2000) Kinetics and mechanisms of phase transformations induced by ball-milling in anatase TiO2. J Solid State Chem 149(1):41–48
Beyer MK, Clausen-Schaumann H (2005) Mechanochemistry: the mechanical activation of covalent bonds. Chem Rev 105(8):2921–2948
Blanco MC, Cámara J, Gimeno MC, Laguna A, James SL, Lagunas MC, Villacampa MD (2012) Synthesis of gold-silver luminescent honeycomb aggregates by both solvent-based and solvent-free methods. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(39):9777–9779
Boldyrev V, Tkáčová K (2000) Mechanochemistry of solids: past, present, and prospects. J Mater Synth Process 8(3–4):121–132
Boldyreva E (2013) Mechanochemistry of inorganic and organic systems: what is similar, what is different? Chem Soc Rev 42(18):7719–7738
Bowmaker GA, Chaichit N, Pakawatchai C, Skelton BW, White AH (2008) Solvent-assisted mechanochemical synthesis of metal complexes. Dalton Trans 22:2926–2928
Braga D, Curzi M, Johansson A, Polito M, Rubini K, Grepioni F (2006) Simple and quantitative mechanochemical preparation of a porous crystalline material based on a 1D coordination network for uptake of small molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed 45(1):142–146
Braga D, Giaffreda S, Curzi M, Maini L, Polito M, Grepioni F (2007) Mechanical mixing of molecular crystals: a green route to co-crystals and coordination networks. J Therm Anal Calorim 90(1):115–123
Braga D, d’Agostino S, Dichiarante E, Maini L, Grepioni F (2011) Dealing with crystal forms (the kingdom of serendip?). Chem Asian J 6(9):2214–2223
Braga D, Maini L, Grepioni F (2013) Mechanochemical preparation of co-crystals. Chem Soc Rev 42(18):7638–7648
Burmeister CF, Kwade A (2013) Process engineering with planetary ball mills. Chem Soc Rev 42(18):7660–7667
Burmeister CF, Schmidt R, Jacob K, Breitung S, Stolle A, Kwade A (2020) Effect of stressing conditions on mechanochemical Knoevenagel synthesis. Chem Eng J 396:124578
Cave GW, Raston CL, Scott JL (2001) Recent advances in solventless organic reactions: towards benign synthesis with remarkable versatility. Chem Commun 21:2159–2169
Chadwick K, Davey R, Cross W (2007) How does grinding produce co-crystals? Insights from the case of benzophenone and diphenylamine. CrystEngComm 9(9):732–734
Chen Y, Williams JR (1996) Hydriding reactions induced by ball milling. In: Materials science forum. Trans Tech Publications, pp 881–888
Cinčić D, Brekalo I, Kaitner B (2012) Effect of atmosphere on solid-state amine–aldehyde condensations: gas-phase catalysts for solid-state transformations. Chem Commun 48(95):11683–11685
Clements M, Blackie M, de Kock C, Lawrence N, Smith P, Tl R (2019) Investigation into the structures and properties of multicomponent crystals formed from a series of 7-chloroquinolines and aromatic acids. Cryst Growth Des 19(3):1540–1549
Colacino E, Porcheddu A, Charnay C, Delogu F (2019b) From enabling technologies to medicinal mechanochemistry: an eco-friendly access to hydantoin-based active pharmaceutical ingredients. React Chem Eng 4(7):1179–1188
Colacino E, Dayaker G, Morère A, Friščić T (2019) Introducing students to mechanochemistry via environmentally friendly organic synthesis using a solvent-free mechanochemical preparation of the antidiabetic drug tolbutamide. J Chem Educ 96(4):766–771
Coro J, Suárez M, Silva LS, Eguiluz KI, Salazar-Banda GR (2016) Fullerene applications in fuel cells: a review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 41(40):17944–17959
Cravino A, Sariciftci NS (2002) Double-cable polymers for fullerene based organic optoelectronic applications. J Mater Chem 12(7):1931–1943
Das S, Heasman P, Ben T, Qiu S (2017) Porous organic materials: strategic design and structure–function correlation. Chem Rev 117(3):1515–1563
Dayaker G, Tan D, Biggins N, Shelam A, Do J-L, Katsenis AD, Friscic T (2020) Catalytic room‐temperature C–N coupling of amides and isocyanates using mechanochemistry. ChemSusChem 13(11):2966–2972
Delmonte D, Manfredi R, Calestani D, Mezzadri F, Righi L, Mazzer M, Pattini F, Rampino S, Spaggiari G, Gilioli E (2020) An affordable method to produce CuInS2 ‘mechano-targets’ for film deposition. Semicond Sci Technol 35(4):045026
Di Nardo T, Hadad C, Van Nhien AN, Moores A (2019) Synthesis of high molecular weight chitosan from chitin by mechanochemistry and aging. Green Chem 21(12):3276–3285
Di L, Bakker H (1991) Phase transformation of the compound V3Ga induced by mechanical grinding. J Phys: Condens Matter 3(20):3427
Do J-L, Friščić T (2017) Mechanochemistry: a force of synthesis. ACS Central Sci 3(1):13–19
Dutková E, Takacs L, Sayagués MJ, Baláž P, Kováč J, Šatka A (2013) Mechanochemical synthesis of Sb2S3 and Bi2S3 nanoparticles. Chem Eng Sci 85:25–29
Egorov IN, Santra S, Kopchuk DS, Kovalev IS, Zyryanov GV, Majee A, Ranu B, Rusinov VL, Chupakhin ON (2020) Ball-milling: an efficient and green approach for asymmetric organic synthesis. Green Chem 22(2):302–315
Emami S, Shayanfar A (2020) Deep eutectic solvents for pharmaceutical formulation and drug delivery applications. Pharm Dev Technol 25:1–18
Etter MC (1991) Hydrogen bonds as design elements in organic chemistry. J Phys Chem 95(12):4601–4610
Fernandes P, Salomé P, Da Cunha A (2011) Study of polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 films by Raman scattering. J Alloy Compd 509(28):7600–7606
Fernandez-Bertran JF (1999) Mechanochemistry: an overview. Pure Appl Chem 71(4):581–586
Fiss BG, Hatherly L, Stein RS, Friščić T, Moores A (2019) Mechanochemical phosphorylation of polymers and synthesis of flame-retardant cellulose nanocrystals. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7(8):7951–7959
Fox P (1975) Mechanically initiated chemical reactions in solids. J Mater Sci 10(2):340–360
Friščić T, Fábián L (2009) Mechanochemical conversion of a metal oxide into coordination polymers and porous frameworks using liquid-assisted grinding (LAG). CrystEngComm 11(5):743–745
Friščić T, MacGillivray LR (2005) Reversing the code of a template-directed solid-state synthesis: a bipyridine template that directs a single-crystal-to-single-crystal [2 + 2] photodimerisation of a dicarboxylic acid. Chem Commun 46:5748–5750
Friščić T, Trask AV, Jones W, Motherwell WS (2006) Screening for inclusion compounds and systematic construction of three-component solids by liquid-assisted grinding. Angew Chem Int Ed 45(45):7546–7550
Friščić T, Childs SL, Rizvi SA, Jones W (2009a) The role of solvent in mechanochemical and sonochemical cocrystal formation: a solubility-based approach for predicting cocrystallisation outcome. CrystEngComm 11(3):418–426
Friščić T, Meštrović E, Škalec Šamec D, Kaitner B, Fabian L (2009b) One‐pot mechanosynthesis with three levels of molecular self‐assembly: coordination bonds, hydrogen bonds and host–guest inclusion. Chem Eur J 15(46):12644–12652
Friščić T, Reid DG, Halasz I, Stein RS, Dinnebier RE, Duer MJ (2010) Ion-and liquid-assisted grinding: improved mechanochemical synthesis of metal–organic frameworks reveals salt inclusion and anion templating. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(4):712–715
Friščić T, Halasz I, Beldon PJ, Belenguer AM, Adams F, Kimber SA, Honkimäki V, Dinnebier RE (2013) Real-time and in situ monitoring of mechanochemical milling reactions. Nat Chem 5(1):66
Gaffet E, Harmelin M, Faudot F (1993) Far-from-equilibrium phase transition induced by mechanical alloying in the Cu–Fe system. J Alloy Compd 194(1):23–30
Garay AL, Pichon A, James SL (2007) Solvent-free synthesis of metal complexes. Chem Soc Rev 36(6):846–855
Giannakoudakis DA, Chatel G, Colmenares JC (2020) Mechanochemical forces as a synthetic tool for zero-and one-dimensional titanium oxide-based nano-photocatalysts. Top Curr Chem 378(1):2
Gómez-López P, Puente-Santiago A, Castro-Beltrán A, do Nacimiento LAS, Balu AM, Luque R, Alvarado-Beltrán CG (2020) Nanomaterials and catalysis for green chemistry. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 24:48–55
Gonzalez-Moragas L, Yu S-M, Murillo-Cremaes N, Laromaine A, Roig A (2015) Scale-up synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by microwave-assisted thermal decomposition. Chem Eng J 281:87–95
Gotor F, Achimovicova M, Real C, Balaz P (2013) Influence of the milling parameters on the mechanical work intensity in planetary mills. Powder Technol 233:1–7
Haneef J, Chadha R (2020) Sustainable synthesis of ambrisentan–syringic acid cocrystal: employing mechanochemistry in the development of novel pharmaceutical solid form. CrystEngComm 22(14):2507–2516
Hasa D, Schneider Rauber G, Voinovich D, Jones W (2015) Cocrystal formation through mechanochemistry: from neat and liquid-assisted grinding to polymer-assisted grinding. Angew Chem Int Ed 54(25):7371–7375
Hasegawa M, Kimata M, Kobayashi SI (2001) Mechanochemical polymerization of styrene initiated by the grinding of quartz. J Appl Polym Sci 82(11):2849–2855
Hermann GN, Becker P, Bolm C (2016) Mechanochemical iridium (III)-catalyzed C−H bond amidation of benzamides with sulfonyl azides under solvent-free conditions in a ball mill. Angew Chem Int Ed 55(11):3781–3784
Hong L, Bansal C, Fultz B (1994) Steady state grain size and thermal stability of nanophase Ni3Fe and Fe3X (X=Si, Zn, Sn) synthesized by ball milling at elevated temperatures. Nanostruct Mater 4(8):949–956
Hou H, Zhou J, Ji M, Yue Y, Qian G, Zhang J (2020) Mechanochemical activation of titanium slag for effective selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide. Sci Total Env 743:140733
Howard JL, Cao Q, Browne DL (2018) Mechanochemistry as an emerging tool for molecular synthesis: what can it offer? Chem Sci 9(12):3080–3094
Ivison P, Soletta I, Cowlam N, Cocco G, Enzo S, Battezzati L (1992) The effect of absorbed hydrogen on the amorphization of CuTi alloys. J Phys Condens Matter 4(23):5239
James SL, Friščić T (2013) Mechanochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 42(18):7494–7496
James SL, Adams CJ, Bolm C, Braga D, Collier P, Friščić T, Grepioni F, Harris KD, Hyett G, Jones W (2012) Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 41(1):413–447
Janot R, Guérard D (2005) Ball-milling in liquid media: applications to the preparation of anodic materials for lithium-ion batteries. Prog Mater Sci 50(1):1–92
Julien PA, Užarević K, Katsenis AD, Kimber SA, Wang T, Farha OK, Zhang Y, Casaban J, Germann LS, Etter M (2016) In situ monitoring and mechanism of the mechanochemical formation of a microporous MOF-74 framework. J Am Chem Soc 138 (9):2929-2932
Kaloshkin S, Tomilin I, Andrianov G, Baldokhin U, Shelekhov E (1997) Phase transformations and hyperfine interactions in mechanically alloyed Fe–Cu solid solutions. In: Materials science forum. Trans Tech Publications, pp 565–570
Kamolphop U, Taylor SF, Breen JP, Burch R, Delgado JJ, Chansai S, Hardacre C, Hengrasmee S, James SL (2011) Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with n-octane using solvent-free mechanochemically prepared Ag/Al2O3 catalysts. ACS Catal 1(10):1257–1262
Karki S, Friščić T, Jones W, Motherwell WS (2007) Screening for pharmaceutical cocrystal hydrates via neat and liquid-assisted grinding. Mol Pharm 4(3):347–354
Kaupp G (2003) Solid-state molecular syntheses: complete reactions without auxiliaries based on the new solid-state mechanism. CrystEngComm 5(23):117–133
Kaupp G (2006) Waste-free large-scale syntheses without auxiliaries for sustainable production omitting purifying workup. CrystEngComm 8(11):794–804
Kaupp G (2009) Mechanochemistry: the varied applications of mechanical bond-breaking. CrystEngComm 11(3):388–403
Kis-Varga M, Beke DL (1984) Phase transitions in Cu–Sb systems induced by ball milling. In: Materials science forum, 1996. Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland, pp 465–470
Klimakow M, Klobes P, Thünemann AF, Rademann K, Emmerling F (2010) Mechanochemical synthesis of metal–organic frameworks: a fast and facile approach toward quantitative yields and high specific surface areas. Chem Mater 22(18):5216–5221
Komatsu K (2005) kThe mechanochemical solid-state reaction of fullerenes. In: Organic solid state reactions. Springer, pp 185–206
Konnert L, Reneaud B, de Figueiredo RM, Campagne J-M, Fdr L, Martinez J, Colacino E (2014) Mechanochemical preparation of hydantoins from amino esters: application to the synthesis of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin. J Org Chem 79(21):10132–10142
Kristl M, Gyergyek S, Srt N, Ban I (2016) Mechanochemical route for the preparation of nanosized aluminum and gallium sulfide and selenide. Mater Manuf Process 31(12):1608–1612
Kumar S, Jain S, Nehra M, Dilbaghi N, Marrazza G, Kim K-H (2020a) Green synthesis of metal–organic frameworks: a state-of-the-art review of potential environmental and medical applications. Coord Chem Rev 420:213407
Kumar YR, Deshmukh K, Sadasivuni KK, Pasha SK (2020b) Graphene quantum dot based materials for sensing, bio-imaging and energy storage applications: a review. RSC Adv 10(40):23861–23898
Kunitake M, Uemura S, Ito O, Fujiwara K, Murata Y, Komatsu K (2002) Structural analysis of C60 trimers by direct observation with scanning tunneling microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed 41(6):969–972
Kuroda R, Imai Y, Tajima N (2002) Generation of a co-crystal phase with novel coloristic properties via solid state grinding procedures. Chem Commun 23:2848–2849
Kuroda R, Higashiguchi K, Hasebe S, Imai Y (2004) Crystal to crystal transformation in the solid state. CrystEngComm 6(76):464–468
Lai Y-Y, Cheng Y-J, Hsu C-S (2014) Applications of functional fullerene materials in polymer solar cells. Energy Environ Sci 7(6):1866–1883
Le Brun P, Froyen L, Delaey L (1993) The modelling of the mechanical alloying process in a planetary ball mill: comparison between theory and in-situ observations. Mater Sci Eng A 161(1):75–82
Lee D, Kim Y, Chang S (2013) Iridium-catalyzed direct arene C–H bond amidation with sulfonyl-and aryl azides. J Org Chem 78(21):11102–11109
Li H, Cabañas-Gac F, Hadidi L, Bilodeau-Calame M, Abid A, Mameri K, Rigamonti MG, Rousselot S, Mickael D, Patience GS (2020) Ultrasound assisted wet media milling synthesis of nanofiber-cage LiFePO4/C. Ultrason Sonochem 68:105177
Liu Z, Xu S, Xiao B, Xue P, Wang W, Ma Z (2012) Effect of ball-milling time on mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 43(12):2161–2168
Liu K, Tan Q, Liu L, Li J (2020) From lead paste to high-value nanolead sulfide products: a new application of mechanochemistry in the recycling of spent lead-acid batteries. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(9):3547–3552
Lu J, Rohani S (2009) Preparation and characterization of theophylline−nicotinamide cocrystal. Org Process Res Dev 13(6):1269–1275
Lu C, Zhang J, Li Z (2004) Structural evolution of titanium powder during ball milling in different atmospheres. J Alloy Compd 381(1–2):278–283
Mack J, Shumba M (2007) Rate enhancement of the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction through mechanochemistry. Green Chem 9(4):328–330
Makhaev V, Borisov A, Petrova L (1999) Solid-state mechanochemical synthesis of ferrocene. J Organomet Chem 590(2):222–226
Malpartida I, Maireles-Torres P, Vereda C, Rodríguez-Maroto JM, Halloumi S, Lair V, Thiel J, Lacoste F (2020) Semi-continuous mechanochemical process for biodiesel production under heterogeneous catalysis using calcium diglyceroxide. Renew Energy 159:117–126
Maurice DR, Courtney T (1990) The physics of mechanical alloying: a first report. Metall Trans A 21(1):289–303
McNaught AD, Wilkinson A (1997) Compendium of chemical terminology, vol 1669. Blackwell Science, Oxford
Medina GM, van Raap MF, Coral D, Muraca D, Sánchez F (2020) Synthesis of highly stable Fe/FeOx@ citrate colloids with strong magnetic response by mechanochemistry and coprecipitation for biomedical and environmental applications. J Magn Magn Mater 508:166759
Mikhailenko MA, Shakhtshneider TP, Boldyrev VV (2004) On the mechanism of mechanochemical synthesis of phthalylsulphathiazole. J Mater Sci 39(16–17):5435–5439
Miki M, Yamasaki T, Ogino Y (1992) Preparation of nanocrystalline NbN and (Nb, Al) N powders by mechanical alloying under nitrogen atmosphere. Mater Trans JIM 33(9):839–844
Mondal P, Anweshan A, Purkait MK (2020) Green synthesis and environmental application of Iron-based nanomaterials and nanocomposite: a review. Chemosphere 259:127509
Mucsi G (2019) A review on mechanical activation and mechanical alloying in stirred media mill. Chem Eng Res Des 148:460-474
Murata Y, Kato N, Komatsu K (2001) The reaction of fullerene C60 with phthalazine: the mechanochemical solid-state reaction yielding a new C60 dimer versus the liquid-phase reaction affording an open-cage fullerene. J Org Chem 66(22):7235–7239
Mursalat M, Hastings DL, Schoenitz M, Dreizin EL (2019) Microspheres with diverse material compositions can be prepared by mechanical milling. Adv Eng Mater 22(3):1901204
Nguyen KL, Friščić T, Day GM, Gladden LF, Jones W (2007) Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and the quantitative monitoring of mechanochemical cocrystal formation. Nat Mater 6(3):206–209
Nielsen SF, Peters D, Axelsson O (2000) The Suzuki reaction under solvent-free conditions. Synth Commun 30(19):3501–3509
Obrovac M, Mao O, Dahn J (1998) Structure and electrochemistry of LiMO2 (M=Ti, Mn, Fe Co, Ni) prepared by mechanochemical synthesis. Solid State Ionics 112(1–2):9–19
Ojala WH, Etter MC (1992) Polymorphism in anthranilic acid: a reexamination of the phase transitions. J Am Chem Soc 114(26):10288–10293
Orita A, Jiang L, Nakano T, Ma N, Otera J (2002) Solventless reaction dramatically accelerates supramolecular self-assembly. Chem Commun 13:1362–1363
Ostwald W (1919) Die chemische Literatur und die Organisation der Wissenschaft, vol 1. Akad. Verlag, Gesel
Ozer D (2020) Fabrication and functionalization strategies of MOFs and their derived materials “MOF architecture”. In: Applications of metal–organic frameworks and their derived materials, pp 63–100
Palaniandy S, Jamil NH (2009) Influence of milling conditions on the mechanochemical synthesis of CaTiO3 nanoparticles. J Alloy Compd 476(1–2):894–902
Palazon F, El Ajjouri Y, Bolink HJ (2019) Making by grinding: mechanochemistry boosts the development of halide perovskites and other multinary metal halides. Adv Energy Mater 10(13):1902499
Pardeshi S, Patil A (2009) Effect of morphology and crystallite size on solar photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide synthesized by solution free mechanochemical method. J Mol Catal A Chem 308(1–2):32–40
Park B-I, Hwang Y, Lee SY, Lee J-S, Park J-K, Jeong J, Kim JY, Kim B, Cho S-H, Lee D-K (2014) Solvent-free synthesis of Cu2 ZnSnS 4 nanocrystals: a facile, green, up-scalable route for low cost photovoltaic cells. Nanoscale 6(20):11703–11711
Partha R, Conyers JL (2009) Biomedical applications of functionalized fullerene-based nanomaterials. Int J Nanomed 4:261
Pérez-Venegas M, Juaristi E (2020) Mechanochemical and mechanoenzymatic synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds: a green perspective. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(24):8881–8893
Petrova L, Borisov A, Makhaev V (2002) Solid-phase synthesis of zinc (II) b-diketonates upon mechanical activation. Russ J Inorg Chem 47(12):1827–1832
Ralphs K, Hardacre C, James SL (2013) Application of heterogeneous catalysts prepared by mechanochemical synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 42(18):7701–7718
Rapoport L, Fleischer N, Tenne R (2005) Applications of WS2 (MoS2) inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like nanoparticles for solid lubrication and for structural nanocomposites. J Mater Chem 15(18):1782–1788
Raston CL, Scott JL (2000) Chemoselective, solvent-free aldol condensation reaction. Green Chem 2(2):49–52
Rathod RV, Mondal D, Bera S (2020) Mechanochemical synthesis of fluorescein-based receptor for CN-ion detection in aqueous solution and cigarette smoke residue. Anal Bioanal Chem 412(13):3177–3186
Ravnsbæk JB, Swager TM (2014) Mechanochemical synthesis of poly (phenylene vinylenes). ACS Macro Lett 3(4):305–309
Rightmire NR, Hanusa TP (2016) Advances in organometallic synthesis with mechanochemical methods. Dalton Trans 45(6):2352–2362
Rodriguez B, Bruckmann A, Rantanen T, Bolm C (2007) Solvent-free carbon-carbon bond formations in ball mills. Adv Synth Catal 349(14–15):2213–2233
Rydin R, Maurice D, Courtney T (1993) Milling dynamics: part I. Attritor dynamics: results of a cinematographic study. Metall Trans A 24(1):175–185
Sarmah KK, Nath N, Rao DR, Thakuria R (2020) Mechanochemical synthesis of drug–drug and drug–nutraceutical multicomponent solids of olanzapine. CrystEngComm 22(6):1120–1130
Schneider F, Stolle A, Ondruschka B, Hopf H (2009) The Suzuki−Miyaura reaction under mechanochemical conditions. Org Process Res Dev 13(1):44–48
Shan N, Toda F, Jones W (2002) Mechanochemistry and co-crystal formation: effect of solvent on reaction kinetics. Chem Commun 20:2372–2373
Sokolov AN, Friščić T, MacGillivray LR (2006) Enforced face-to-face stacking of organic semiconductor building blocks within hydrogen-bonded molecular cocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 128(9):2806–2807
Sopicka-Lizer M (2010) High-energy ball milling: mechanochemical processing of nanopowders. Elsevier
Štefanić G, Krehula S, Štefanić I (2013) The high impact of a milling atmosphere on steel contamination. Chem Commun 49(81):9245–9247
Stolle A, Szuppa T, Leonhardt SE, Ondruschka B (2011) Ball milling in organic synthesis: solutions and challenges. Chem Soc Rev 40(5):2317–2329
Stolle A, Schmidt R, Jacob K (2014) Scale-up of organic reactions in ball mills: process intensification with regard to energy efficiency and economy of scale. Faraday Discuss 170:267–286
Strobridge FC, Judaš N, Friščić T (2010) A stepwise mechanism and the role of water in the liquid-assisted grinding synthesis of metal–organic materials. CrystEngComm 12(8):2409–2418
Suryanarayana C (1995) Does a disordered γ-TiAl phase exist in mechanically alloyed TiAl powders? Intermetallics 3(2):153–160
Suryanarayana C (2001) Mechanical alloying and milling. Prog Mater Sci 46(1–2):1–184
Takacs L (2007) The mechanochemical reduction of AgCl with metals. J Therm Anal Calorim 90(1):81–84
Takacs L (2013) The historical development of mechanochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 42(18):7649–7659
Takacs L, McHenry J (2006) Temperature of the milling balls in shaker and planetary mills. J Mater Sci 41(16):5246–5249
Tan D, Loots L, Friščić T (2016) Towards medicinal mechanochemistry: evolution of milling from pharmaceutical solid form screening to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Chem Commun 52(50):7760–7781
Thiessen PA, Meyer K, Heinicke G (1967) Grundlagen der Tribochemie: mit 24 Tab. im Text. Akad.-Verlag
Toda F, Tanaka K, Sekikawa A (1987) Host–guest complex formation by a solid–solid reaction. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 4:279–280
Trask AV, Shan N, Motherwell WS, Jones W, Feng S, Tan RB, Carpenter KJ (2005) Selective polymorph transformation via solvent-drop grinding. Chem Commun 7:880–882
Tröbs L, Emmerling F (2014) Mechanochemical synthesis and characterisation of cocrystals and metal organic compounds. Faraday Discuss 170:109–119
Tsuchimoto M, Hoshina G, Yoshioka N, Inoue H, Nakajima K, Kamishima M, Kojima M, Ohba S (2000) Mechanochemical reaction of polymeric oxovanadium (IV) complexes with Schiff base ligands derived from 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde and diamines. J Solid State Chem 153(1):9–15
Tumanov IA, Achkasov AF, Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV (2011) Following the products of mechanochemical synthesis step by step. CrystEngComm 13(7):2213–2216
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration (2018) Regulatory classification of pharmaceutical co-crystals: guidance for industry. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Silver Spring, US
Ulbrich K, Nishida E, Souza B, Campos C (2020) NiS2–NiS nanocrystalline composite synthesized by mechanochemistry and its performance for methylene blue dye adsorption. Mater Chem Phys 252:123226
Urakaev F (2010) Mechanism and kinetics of mechanochemical processes. In: High-energy ball milling. Elsevier, pp 9–44
Urakaev FK, Boldyrev V (2000) Mechanism and kinetics of mechanochemical processes in comminuting devices: 1. Theory. Powder Technol 107(1–2):93–107
Vaid P, Raizada P, Saini AK, Saini RV (2020) Biogenic silver, gold and copper nanoparticles—a sustainable green chemistry approach for cancer therapy. Sustain Chem Pharm 16:100247
Vishweshwar P, McMahon JA, Peterson ML, Hickey MB, Shattock TR, Zaworotko MJ (2005) Crystal engineering of pharmaceutical co-crystals from polymorphic active pharmaceutical ingredients. Chem Commun 36:4601–4603
Wang G-W (2013) Mechanochemical organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 42(18):7668–7700
Wang G-W, Komatsu K, Murata Y, Shiro M (1997) Synthesis and X-ray structure of dumb-bell-shaped C120. Nature 387(6633):583–586
Willis‐Fox N, Rognin E, Baumann C, Aljohani TA, Göstl R, Daly R (2020) Going with the flow: tunable flow‐induced polymer mechanochemistry. Adv Funct Mater 30(27):2002372
Xue J, Wan D, Lee SE, Wang J (1999) Mechanochemical synthesis of lead zirconate titanate from mixed oxides. J Am Ceram Soc 82(7):1687–1692
Zhang P, Dai S (2017) Mechanochemical synthesis of porous organic materials. J Mater Chem A 5(31):16118–16127
Zhang Q, Nakagawa T, Saito F (2000) Mechanochemical synthesis of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 by grinding constituent oxides. J Alloys Compd 308(1–2):121–125
Zhang P, Jiang X, Wan S, Dai S (2015) Advancing polymers of intrinsic microporosity by mechanochemistry. J Mater Chem A 3(13):6739–6741
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ozer, D. (2021). Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis. In: Inamuddin, Boddula, R., Ahamed, M.I., Khan, A. (eds) Advances in Green Synthesis. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67884-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67884-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-67883-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-67884-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)