Abstract
Social Ecology is an emerging scientific field within sustainability science investigating the relationships between society and nature. It is based on the core concept of societal relations to nature. Essential characteristics are: (1) Problem-orientation: The starting point of research is concrete, societal problems with regard to ecological crisis phenomena such as climate change, waste management or protection of biodiversity. (2) Inter- and transdisciplinarity: Research combines academic disciplines with knowledge, values and interests of societal actors. The central aim is achieving learning processes between science and society. (3) Interrelation of theory and empirical research: The concept of societal relations to nature is the theoretical framework, which guides empirical studies. The empirical results in turn contribute to the further development of theories and concepts. (4) System approach: Given the complex interactions between natural and societal processes and structures at different temporal, spatial and social scales, the approach of social-ecological systems is applied. (5) Critical science: Contributing to social-ecological transformations, Social Ecology deals with ignorance, uncertainty and disputed knowledge. Social Ecology critically reflects on the role of researchers and on the limits of scientific knowledge production. Applying Social Ecology this chapter examines three challenges of urban areas in the Global South: rural–urban migration, urban agriculture and green infrastructure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adamo SB (2010) Environmental migration and cities in the context of global environmental change. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2:161–165
Adedeji JA (2021) Urban biocultural identity of Yorubas: intersection of philosophy and nature for wellbeing at Osun Sacred Grove UNESCO Site, Osogbo, Nigeria. In: Cocks ML, Shackleton CM (eds) Diversities of nature in cities: enriching belonging, wellbeing and bioculture. Earthscan and Routledge, London, pp 51–66
Adger WN, Boyd E, Fábos A, Fransen S, Jolivet D, Neville G et al (2019) Migration transforms the conditions for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet Planet Health 3(11)
Afenah A (2012) Engineering a millennium city in Accra, Ghana: the Old Fadama intractable issue. Urban For 23:527–540
Alihan MA (1938) Social ecology: a critical analyses. Columbia University Press, New York
Allen A, Apsan Frediani A (2013) Farmers, not gardeners. City 17:365–381
Barau AS, Ludin AN, Said I (2013) Socio-ecological systems and biodiversity conservation in African city: insights from Kano Emir’s Palace gardens. Urban Ecosys 16:783–800
Bartels LE, Bruns A, Alba R (2018) The production of uneven access to land and water in peri-urban spaces: de facto privatisation in greater Accra. Local Environ 23:1172–1189
Batsaikhan N, Buuveibaatar B, Chimed B, Enkhtuya O, Galbrakh D, Ganbaatar O et al (2014) Conserving the world’s finest grassland amidst ambitious national development. Conserv Biol 28:1736–1739
Bautista-Hernández DA (2020) Commuting inequality, role of urban structure, and identification of disadvantaged groups in the Mexico City metropolitan area. J Transp Land Use 13:159–183
Beck U (1992) Risk society: towards a new modernity. Sage, London
Becker E (2014) Social-ecological systems as epistemic objects. In: Glaser M, Krause G, Beate MW, Ratter, Welp M (eds) Human-nature interactions in the Anthropocene: potentials of social-ecological systems analysis. Routledge, New York, pp 37–59
Becker E, Jahn T (2006) Soziale Ökologie: Grundzüge einer Wissenschaft von den gesellschaftlichen Naturverhältnissen. 1. Aufl. Campus Verlag GmbH (Sozialwissenschaften 2001–2008), Frankfurt am Main
Becker E, Hummel D, Jahn T (2011) Gesellschaftliche Naturverhältnisse als Rahmenkonzept. In: Gross M (ed) Handbuch Umweltsoziologie, 1st edn. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden
Berchin II, Valuduga IB, Garcia J, de Andrade Guerra JB (2017) Climate change and forced migrations: an effort towards recognising climate refugees. Geoforum 84:147–150
Berkes F, Folke C (eds) (1998) Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Binder CR, Hinkel J, Bots PW, Pahl-Wostl C (2013) Comparison of frameworks for analysing social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 18(4)
Boone CG, Buckley GL, Grove JM, Sister C (2009) Parks and people: an environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 99:767–787
Buckingham S, Turner M (2008) Understanding environmental issues. Sage, London
Buizer M, Elands B, Vierikko K (2016) Governing cities reflexively: the biocultural diversity concept as an alternative to ecosystem services. Environ Sci Pol 62:7–13
Cadenasso ML, Pickett ST (2013) Three tides: the development and state of the art of urban ecological science. In: Pickett ST, Cadenasso ML, McGrath B (eds) Resilience in ecology and urban design: linking theory and practice for sustainable cities. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 29–46
Calderón-Contreras R, Quiroz-Rosas LE (2017) Analysing scale, quality and diversity of green infrastructure and the provision of urban ecosystem services: a case from Mexico City. Ecosys Serv 23:127–137
Carruthers DV (2008) Environmental justice in Latin America: problems, promise, and practice. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Central Intelligence Agency (2018) The world Factbook library. East Asia/Southeast Asia: Mongolia. Washington, DC. Online https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mg.html
Chan K, Balvanera P, Benessaiah K, Chapman M, Díaz S, Gómez-Baggethun E et al (2016) Why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment. Proc Nat Acad Sci 113:1462–1465
Cilliers S, Cilliers J, Lubbe R, Siebert S (2013) Ecosystem services of urban green spaces in African countries: perspectives and challenges. Urban Ecosys 16:681–702
Cocks ML, Shackleton CM (2021) Diversities of nature in cities: enriching belonging, wellbeing and bioculture. Earthscan and Routledge, London
Davoren E, Shackleton CM (2021) Urban ecosystem disservices in the Global South. In: Shackleton CM, Cilliers SS, Davoren E, du Toit MJ (eds) Urban ecology in the Global South. Springer, Cham, pp 265–292
Díaz S, Demissew S, Joly C, Lonsdale WM, Larigauderie A (2015) A Rosetta Stone for nature’s benefits to people. PLoS Biol 13(1):e1002040
Díaz S, Pascual U, Stenseke M, Martín-López B, Watson RT, Molnár Z et al (2018) Assessing nature’s contributions to people. Sci 359(6373):270–272
Dore G, Nagpal T (2006) Urban transition in Mongolia: pursuing sustainability in a unique environment. Environ 48:10–24
Drechsel P, Keraita B (2014) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. International Water Management Institute, Colombo
Drescher AW, Isendahl C, Caridad Cruz M, Karg H, Menakanit A (2021) Urban and peri-urban agriculture in the Global South. In: Shackleton CM, Cilliers SS, Davoren E, du Toit MJ (eds) Urban ecology in the Global South. Springer, Cham, pp 293−324
du Toit MJ, Cilliers SS, Dallimer M, Goddard M, Guenat S, Cornelius SF (2018) Urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa. Landsc Urb Plan 180:249–261
Elmqvist T, Fragkias M, Goodness, J, Güneralp B, Marcotullio PJ, McDonald RI et al (eds) (2013) Urbanisation, biodiversity and ecosystem services: challenges and opportunities—a global assessment. Springer, Dordrecht.
Elmqvist T, Bai X, Frantzeskaki N, Griffith C, Maddox D, McPhearson T et al (eds) (2018) Urban planet: knowledge towards sustainable cities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Estados Unidos Mexicanos (2016) Habitat III national report. Mexico
European Commission (2013) Enhancing Europe’s natural capital: green infrastructure (GI), 2013. Online https://www.eea.europa.eu/policy-documents/green-infrastructure-gi-2014-enhancing, checked on 7/3/2020.858Z
Fernández-Álvarez R (2017) Inequitable distribution of green public space in the Mexico City: an environmental injustice case. Distribución inequitativa del espacio público verde en la Ciudad de México. https://doi.org/10.22136/est002017697
Fisher B, Turner RK, Morling P (2009) Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecol Econ 68:643–653
Fischer-Kowalski M, Weeisz H (2016) The Archipelago of social ecology and the Island of the Vienna School. In: Haberl H, Fischer-Kowalski M, Krausmann F, Winiwarter V (eds) Social ecology: society-nature relations across time and space. Springer, Heidelberg
Frick-Trzebitzky F, Bruns A (2019) Disparities in the implementation gap: adaptation to flood risk in the Densu Delta, Accra, Ghana. J Environ Pol Plan 21:577–592
Frick-Trzebitzky F, Zimmermann M, Kluge T (2019) Capacity development for wastewater management and water reuse in informal partnerships in northern Namibia. Book of Abstracts of 12th IWA International Conference on Water Reclamation and Reuse, Berlin (16–20 June 2019)
Gioli G, Hugo G, Costa MM, Scheffran J (2016) Human mobility, climate adaptation, and development. Migr Dev 5:165–170
Glaser M, Krause G, Ratter BM, Welp M (2014) New approaches to the analysis of human-nature relations. In: Glaser M, Krause G, Ratter BM, Welp M (eds) Human-nature interactions in the Anthropocene: potentials of social-ecological systems analysis. Routledge, New York, pp 3–12
Görg C (1999) Gesellschaftliche Naturverhältnisse. Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster
Görg C, Brand U, Haberl H, Hummel D, Jahn T, Liehr S (2017) Challenges for social-ecological transformations: contributions from social and political ecology. Sustain 9:1045
Grant R (2014) Globalising city: the urban and economic transformation of Accra, Ghana. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse
Grant R, Yankson P (2003) Accra. Cities 20:65–74
Grimm N, Grove M, Pickett S, Redmann C (2000) Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems. BioScience 50(7): 571–584
Haberl H, Fischer-Kowalski M, Krausmann F, Winiwarter V (eds) (2016) Social ecology: society-nature relations across time and space. Springer, Geneva
Haq SM (2011) Urban green spaces and an integrative approach to sustainable environment. J Environ Prot 2:601–608
Hardoy J, Mitlin D, Satterthwaite D (2001) Environmental problems in an urbanising world: finding solutions for cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Earthscan, Sterling
Hastrup K, Fog Olwig K (2012) Climate change and human mobility. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Himes A, Muraca B (2018) Relational values: the key to pluralistic valuation of ecosystem services. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 35:1–7
Hummel D (2016) Climate change, land degradation and migration in Mali and Senegal: some policy implications. Migr Dev 5:211–233
Hummel D, Jahn T (2014) Sozialökologie. In: Endruweit G, Trommsdorff G, Burzan N (eds.) Wörterbuch der Soziologie. UVK Verlagsgesellschaft mit UVK/Lucius, Konstanz and München, pp 454–457
Hummel D, Liehr S (2015) Migration in the West African Sahel: more than a response to climate change (ISOE Policy Brief, 2/2015). Institute for Social-Ecological Research, Frankfurt am Main
Hummel D, Hertler C, Niemann S, Lux A, Janowicz C (2008) Part A: the analytical framework. In: Hummel D (ed) Population dynamics and supply systems: a transdisciplinary approach. Campus, Frankfurt am Main, pp 11–69
Hummel D, Jahn T, Keil F, Liehr S, Stieß I (2017) Social ecology as critical, transdisciplinary science: conceptualising, analysing and shaping societal relations to nature. Sustain 9(7):1050
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2015) Panorama sociodemográfico de Ciudad de México. INEG, Mexico Ciudad
Jaganmohan M, Vailshery LS, Mundoli S, Nagdendra H (2018) Biodiversity in scared urban spaces of Bengaluru, India. Urban For Urban Green 32:64–70
Jahn T (2013) Sustainability science requires a critical orientation. GAIA 22:29–33
Jahn T, Bergmann M, Keil F (2012) Transdisciplinarity: between mainstreaming and marginalisation. Ecol Econ 79:1–10
Jahn T, Hummel D, Drees L, Liehr S, Lux A, Mehring M, et al (2020) Shaping social-ecological transformations in the Anthropocene. ISOE-Diskussionspapiere 45. ISOE - Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung, Frankfurt am Main
Kramm J, Pichler M, Schaffartzik A, Zimmermann M (2017) Societal relations to nature in times of crisis: social ecology’s contributions to interdisciplinary sustainability studies. Sustain 9(7):1042
Lawhon M, Ernstson H, Silver J (2014) Provincialising urban political ecology: towards a situated UPE through African Urbanism. Antipode 46:497–516
Liehr S, Drees L, Hummel D (2016) Migration as societal response to climate change and land degradation in Mali and Senegal. In: Yaro JA, Hesselberg J (eds) Adaptation to climate change and variability in rural West Africa. Springer, Cham, pp 147–169
Liehr S, Röhrig J, Mehring M, Kluge T (2017) How the social-ecological systems concept can guide transdisciplinary research and implementation: addressing water challenges in Central Northern Namibia. Sustain 9(7):1109
Maffi L (2008) An introduction to biocultural diversity. Terralingua, Salt Spring Island
Martín-López B, Gómez-Baggethun E, García-Llorente M, Montes C (2014) Trade-offs across value-domains in ecosystem services assessment. Ecol Indic 37:220–228
McHale MR, Bunn DN, Pickett ST, Twine W (2013) Urban ecology in a developing world: why advanced socioecological theory needs Africa. Front Ecol Environ 11:556–564
McPhearson T, Pickett ST, Grimm NB, Niemelä J, Alberti M, Elmqvist T et al (2016) Advancing urban ecology toward a science of cities. BioScience 66:198–212
Mehring M, Bernard B, Hummel D, Liehr S, Lux A (2017a) Halting biodiversity loss: how social–ecological biodiversity research makes a difference. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag 13(1):172–180
Mehring M, Zajonz U, Hummel D (2017b) Social-ecological dynamics of ecosystem services: livelihoods and the functional relation between ecosystem service supply and demand: evidence from Socotra Archipelago, Yemen and the Sahel Region, West Africa. Sustain 9(7):1037
Mehring M, Batbuyan B, Bolortsetseg S, Buuveibaatar B, Dashpurev T, Drees L et al (2018) Keep on moving: how to facilitate nomadic pastoralism in Mongolia in the light of current societal transformation processes. ISOE Policy Brief, No. 7, Institute for Social-Ecological Research, Frankfurt am Main
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human wellbeing: synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC
Myers G (2021) Urbanisation in the Global South. In: Shackleton CM, Cilliers SS, Davoren E, du Toit MJ (eds) Urban ecology in the Global South. Springer, Cham, pp 27–49
Naciones Unidas; Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) (eds) (2010) Indicadores ambientales de América Latina y el Caribe 2009. With assistance of División de Estadística y Proyecciones Económicas (Cuadernos estadísticos N°, 38). Online http://hdl.handle.net/11362/4316
Nandintsetseg D, Bracis C, Olson KA, Böhning-Gaese K, Calabrese JM, Chimeddorj B et al (2019) Challenges in the conservation of wide-ranging nomadic species. J Appl Ecol 56(8):1916–1926
Newsham A, Thomas DS (2011) Knowing, farming and climate change adaptation in North-Central Namibia. Glob Environ Change 21:761–770
Ostrom E (2007) A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proc Nat Acad Sci 104:15181–15187
Ostrom E (2009) A general framework for analysing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Sci 325(5939):419–422
Otoo M, Drechsel P (eds) (2018) Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Earthscan, London
Parnell S, Robinson J (2012) (Re)theorising cities from the Global South: looking beyond neoliberalism. Urban Geogr 33:593–617
Parves Rana M (2009) Sustainable city in the global North and South: goal or principle? Manage Environ Qual 20:506–521
Pauleit S, Vasquéz A, Maruthaveeran S, Liu L, Cilliers SS (2021) Urban green infrastructure in the Global South. In: Shackleton CM, Cilliers SS, Davoren E, du Toit MJ (eds) Urban ecology in the Global South. Springer, Cham, pp 107–143
Piguet E, Laczko F (2014) People on the move in a changing climate. Springer, Dordrecht
Reyers B, Biggs R, Cumming GS, Elmqvist T, Hejnowicz AP, Polasky S (2013) Getting the measure of ecosystem services: a social–ecological approach. Front Ecol Environ 11:268–273
Robinson J (2002) Global and world cities: a view from off the map. Int J Urban Reg Res 26:531–554
Save the Children International (2013) Shifting livelihoods: trends of pastoralist drop-out and rural to urban migration in Mongolia. Save the Children International, Ulaanbaatar
Schnegg M, Bollig M (2016) Institutions put to the test: community-based water management in Namibia during a drought. J Arid Environ 124:62–71
Serraglio DA, Ferreira HS, Robinson N (2019) Climate-induced migration and resilient cities: a new urban agenda for sustainable development. Seqüência 42:10–46
Shackleton CM, Ruwanza S, Sinasson Sanni GK, Bennett S, De Lacy P, Modipa R, Mtati N, Sachikonye M, Thondhlana G (2016) Unpacking Pandora’s Box: understanding and categorising ecosystem disservices for environmental management and human wellbeing. Ecosys 19:587–600
Shackleton CM, Cilliers SS, du Toit MJ, Davoren E (2021) The need for an urban ecology of the Global South. In: Shackleton CM, Cilliers SS, Davoren E, du Toit MJ (eds) Urban ecology in the Global South. Springer, Cham, pp 1–26
Stokols D (2018) Social ecology in the digital age: solving complex problems in a globalised world. Academic Press, London
Tacoli C (2003) The links between urban and rural development. Environ Urban 15:3–12
Tarne A (2018) Analysing the dynamics of rural-urban migration in the light of a changing nomadic. culture in Mongolia. Masters Thesis. University of Vechta, Vechta
Torres-Lima P, Cruz-Castillo JG (2019) Urban processes and socioecological agricultural systems. sustainable trajectories of Chinampa agriculture in Mexico City. Letras Verdes, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Socioambientales (25): 168–189
Tuholske C, Andam K, Blekking J, Evans T, Caylor K (2020) Comparing measures of urban food security in Accra, Ghana. Food Secur 12:417–431
UN Environment Programme (2019) Mexico. Online https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/transport/what-we-do/share-road/mexico. Checked on 21 July 2020
van der Land V (2018) Migration and environmental change in the West African Sahel: why capabilities and aspirations matter. Routledge, London
Villa A (2018) Green infrastructure in Mexico: a booster for healthier cities. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). URBANET. Online https://www.urbanet.info/mexico-green-infrastructure/. Checked on 21 July 2020
von Döhren P, Haase D (2015) Ecosystem disservices research: a review of the state of the art with a focus on cities. Ecol Indic 52:490–497
Wakild E (2007) Naturalising modernity: urban parks, public gardens and drainage projects in Porfirian Mexico City. Mexican Stud 23:101–123
Wangai PW, Burkhard B, Müller F (2016) A review of studies on ecosystem services in Africa. Intn J Sustain Built Environ 5:225–245
Wesche K, Ambarlı D, Kamp J, Török P, Treiber J, Dengler J (2016) The Palaearctic steppe biome: a new synthesis. Biodiv Conserv 25:2197–2231
Woltersdorf L, Liehr S, Scheidegger R, Döll P (2015) Small-scale water reuse for urban agriculture in Namibia: modelling water flows and productivity. Urban Water J 12:414–429
Woltersdorf L, Zimmermann M, Deffner J, Gerlach M, Liehr S (2018) Benefits of an integrated water and nutrient reuse system for urban areas in semi-arid developing countries. Res Conserv Recycl 128:382–393
Yembuu B (2016) Mongolian nomads: effects of globalisation and social change. In Robertson M, Tsang PK (eds) Everyday knowledge, education and sustainable futures. Springer, Singapore, pp 89–105
Zezza A, Tasciotti L (2010) Urban agriculture, poverty, and food security: empirical evidence from a sample of developing countries. Food Pol 35:265–273
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mehring, M., Geitmann-Mügge, K., Frick-Trzebitzky, F., Hummel, D. (2021). Urban Social Ecology. In: Shackleton, C.M., Cilliers, S.S., Davoren, E., du Toit, M.J. (eds) Urban Ecology in the Global South. Cities and Nature. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67650-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67650-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-67649-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-67650-6
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)