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Parasomnias

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Pediatric Sleep Medicine

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Abstract

Parasomnias are defined as “undesirable physical events or experiences that occur during entry into sleep, within sleep, or during arousal from sleep.” They occur during the night, without altering the normal structure of sleep, the evolution is usually benign, with spontaneous resolution at puberty. The prevalence is variable depending on the type of parasomnia and the age of occurrence.

They are classified as NREM and REM parasomnias and other parasomnias. NREM-related parasomnias are defined as recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from NREM sleep, characterized by abnormal sleep-related complex movements and behaviors associated with various degrees of autonomic nervous system activation, inappropriate or scarce responsiveness to the external environment that are difficult to differentiate from other episodes occurring during sleep like seizures.

REM-related parasomnias are an admixture of the elements of REM sleep together with wakefulness. They comprise REM behavior disorder, nightmare disorders, and sleep paralysis. REM-related parasomnias are more likely to occur later in the night. Other parasomnias include sleep enuresis that is common in childhood and associated with daytime dysfunction and psychological consequences. The management of parasomnias is different for each single disorder, but NREM parasomnias have similar pathophysiology and similar treatment, either pharmacological or non-pharmacological.

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Abbreviations

CAP:

Cyclic alternating pattern

CPGs:

Central pattern generators

DOAs:

Disorders of arousals

HSD:

Hypersynchronous delta

ICSD-3:

International Classification of Sleep Disorders

RBD:

Sleep behavior disorder

SHE:

Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy

SWA:

Slow-wave activity

SWS:

Slow-wave sleep

vPSG:

Video-polysomnography

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Pediatric Sleep Center, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy

    Oliviero Bruni

  2. Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Lugano, Tessin, Switzerland

    Silvia Miano

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  1. Oliviero Bruni
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  2. Silvia Miano
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Correspondence to Oliviero Bruni .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. MU Women’s and Children’s Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    David Gozal

  2. Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri System, Columbia, MO, USA

    Leila Kheirandish-Gozal

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Bruni, O., Miano, S. (2021). Parasomnias. In: Gozal, D., Kheirandish-Gozal, L. (eds) Pediatric Sleep Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65574-7_33

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