Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parasomnias

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sleep Disorders Medicine

Abstract

Parasomnias are defined as “disorders characterized by abnormal behavioral, experiential, or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep–wake transitions” in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The clinical presentation and polysomnographic characteristics, associated factors, pathophysiology, prevalence, and treatment options of the NREM sleep parasomnias (somnambulism and sleep terrors), REM sleep parasomnias (nightmare disorder, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis, and REM sleep behavior disorder), and other parasomnias (sleep enuresis, sleep-related bruxism, sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder, somniloquy, and sleep-related groaning) are reviewed in this chapter. Some of these phenomena remind us that wakefulness and sleep states are not as mutually exclusive as one might believe.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. Arlington, VA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2005) International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2. Westchester, Ill

    Google Scholar 

  3. Espa F, Ondze B, Deglise P, Billiard M, Besset A (2000) Sleep architecture, slow wave activity, and sleep spindles in adult patients with sleepwalking and sleep terrors. Clin Neurophysiol 111:929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Jacobson A, Kales A, Lehmann D, Zweizig JR (1965) Somnambulism: all-night electroencephalographic studies. Science 148:975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kavey NB, Whyte J, Resor SR Jr, Gidro-Frank S (1990) Somnambulism in adults. Neurology 40:749

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Joncas S, Zadra A, Paquet J, Montplaisir J (2002) The value of sleep deprivation as a diagnostic tool in adult sleepwalkers. Neurology 58:936

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zucconi M, Oldani A, Ferini-Strambi L, Smirne S (1995) Arousal fluctuations in non-rapid eye movement parasomnias: the role of cyclic alternating pattern as a measure of sleep instability. J Clin Neurophysiol 12:147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mayer G, Neissner V, Schwarzmayr P, Meier-Ewert K (1998) Sleep deprivation in somnambulism. Effect of arousal, deep sleep and sleep stage changes. Nervenarzt 69:495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Rauch PK, Stern TA (1986) Life-threatening injuries resulting from sleepwalking and night terrors. Psychosomatics 27:62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Vecchierini MF (2001) Treatment of parasomnias. Rev Neurol (Paris) 157:S115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ajlouni KM, Ahmad AT, El-Zaheri MM, Ammari FL, Jarrah NS, AbuJbara MA et al (2005) Sleepwalking associated with hyperthyroidism. Endocr Pract 11:5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dorus E (1979) Sleepwalking and febrile illness. Am J Psychiatry 136:1620

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kales JD, Kales A, Soldatos CR, Chamberlin K, Martin ED (1979) Sleepwalking and night terrors related to febrile illness. Am J Psychiatry 136:1214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Larsen CH, Dooley J, Gordon K (2004) Fever-associated confusional arousal. Eur J Pediatr 163:696

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Charney DS (1979) Sleep architecture in psychotropic-induced somnambulism. Am J Psychiatry 136:461

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Landry P, Montplaisir J (1998) Lithium-induced somnambulism. Can J Psychiatry 43:957

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mahowald MW (2002) Arousal and sleep-wake transition parasomnias. In: Lee-Chiong TL Jr, Sateia MJ, Carskadon MA (eds) Sleep Medicine. Hanley and Belfus, Philadelphia, p 207

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, Heikkila K, Koskenvuo M (1997) Prevalence and genetics of sleepwalking: a population-based twin study. Neurology 48:177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, Koskenvu M (2001) Parasomnias: co-occurrence and genetics. Psychiatr Genet 11:65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hublin C, Kaprio J (2003) Genetic aspects and genetic epidemiology of parasomnias. Sleep Med Rev 7:413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Licis AK, Desruisseau DM, Yamada KA, Duntley SP, Gurnett CA (2011) Novel genetic findings in an extended family pedigree with sleepwalking. Neurology 76:49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Masand P, Popli AP, Weilburg JB (1995) Sleepwalking. Am Fam Physician 51:649

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW (1995) A polysomnographically documented case of adult somnambulism with long-distance automobile driving and frequent nocturnal violence: parasomnia with continuing danger as a noninsane automatism? Sleep 18:765

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Broughton R, Billings R, Cartwright R, Doucette D, Edmeads J, Edwardh M et al (1994) Homicidal somnambulism: a case report. Sleep 17:253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gottlieb P, Christensen O, Kramp P (1986) On serious violence during sleepwalking. Br J Psychiatry 149:120

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hartmann E (1983) Two case reports: night terrors with sleepwalking—a potentially lethal disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 171:503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Howard C, D’Orban PT (1987) Violence in sleep: medico-legal issues and two case reports. Psychol Med 17:915

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ovuga EB (1992) Murder during sleep-walking. East Afr Med J 69:533

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cartwright R (2000) Sleep-related violence: does the polysomnogram help establish the diagnosis? Sleep Med 1:331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Pressman MR (2007) Disorders of arousal from sleep and violent behavior: the role of physical contact and proximity. Sleep 30:1039

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Pressman MR (2007) Factors that predispose, prime and precipitate NREM parasomnias in adults: clinical and forensic implications. Sleep Med Rev 11:5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pressman MR, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Bornemann MC (2007) Alcohol-induced sleepwalking or confusional arousal as a defense to criminal behavior: a review of scientific evidence, methods and forensic considerations. J Sleep Res 16:198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Siclari F, Khatami R, Urbaniok F, Nobili L, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH et al (2010) Violence in sleep. Brain 133:3494

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Oswald I, Evans J (1985) On serious violence during sleep-walking. Br J Psychiatry 147:688

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kayumov L, Pandi-Perumal SR, Fedoroff P, Shapiro CM (2000) Diagnostic values of polysomnography in forensic medicine. J Forensic Sci 45:191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mahowald MW, Bundlie SR, Hurwitz TD, Schenck CH (1990) Sleep violence—forensic science implications: polygraphic and video documentation. J Forensic Sci 35:413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Goldner M, Bachelder V, Cramer-Bornemann M (2003) Parasomnia pseudo-suicide. J Forensic Sci 48:1158

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Cramer Bornemann MA (2005) Sleep-related violence. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 5:153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Shapiro CM, Trajanovic NN, Fedoroff JP (2003) Sexsomnia—a new parasomnia? Can J Psychiatry 48:311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pilon M, Montplaisir J, Zadra A (2008) Precipitating factors of somnambulism: impact of sleep deprivation and forced arousals. Neurology 70:2284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Zadra A, Pilon M, Montplaisir J (2008) Polysomnographic diagnosis of sleepwalking: effects of sleep deprivation. Ann Neurol 63:513

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Blatt I, Peled R, Gadoth N, Lavie P (1991) The value of sleep recording in evaluating somnambulism in young adults. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 78:407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Denesle R, Nicolas A, Gosselin A (1998) Sleepwalking and aggressive behavior in sleep. Sleep 21:70

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gaudreau H, Joncas S, Zadra A, Montplaisir J (2000) Dynamics of slow-wave activity during the NREM sleep of sleepwalkers and control subjects. Sleep 23:755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Guilleminault C, Leger D, Philip P, Ohayon MM (1998) Nocturnal wandering and violence: review of a sleep clinic population. J Forensic Sci 43:158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Schenck CH, Milner DM, Hurwitz TD, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW (1989) A polysomnographic and clinical report on sleep-related injury in 100 adult patients. Am J Psychiatry 146:1166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Schenck CH, Pareja JA, Patterson AL, Mahowald MW (1998) Analysis of polysomnographic events surrounding 252 slow-wave sleep arousals in thirty-eight adults with injurious sleepwalking and sleep terrors. J Clin Neurophysiol 15:159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Caldwell AB, Kales JD, Humphrey FJ 2nd, Charney DS et al (1980) Somnambulism. Clinical characteristics and personality patterns. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:1406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Pilon M, Zadra A, Joncas S, Montplaisir J (2006) Hypersynchronous delta waves and somnambulism: brain topography and effect of sleep deprivation. Sleep 29:77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pressman MR (2004) Hypersynchronous delta sleep EEG activity and sudden arousals from slow-wave sleep in adults without a history of parasomnias: clinical and forensic implications. Sleep 27:706

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Jaar O, Pilon M, Carrier J, Montplaisir J, Zadra A (2010) Analysis of slow-wave activity and slow-wave oscillations prior to somnambulism. Sleep 33:1511

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Zadra A, Pilon M, Joncas S, Rompre S, Montplaisir J (2004) Analysis of postarousal EEG activity during somnambulistic episodes. J Sleep Res 13:279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Abe K, Shimakawa M (1966) Predisposition to sleep-walking. Psychiatr Neurol (Basel) 152:306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Bixler EO, Ladda RL, Charney DS, Weber G et al (1980) Hereditary factors in sleepwalking and night terrors. Br J Psychiatry 137:111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hori A, Hirose G (1995) Twin studies on parasomnias. Sleep Res Online 24A:324

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lecendreux M, Bassetti C, Dauvilliers Y, Mayer G, Neidhart E, Tafti M (2003) HLA and genetic susceptibility to sleepwalking. Mol Psychiatry 8:114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Retey JV, Adam M, Honegger E, Khatami R, Luhmann UF, Jung HH et al (2005) A functional genetic variation of adenosine deaminase affects the duration and intensity of deep sleep in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:15676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Ohayon MM, Mahowald MW, Dauvilliers Y, Krystal AD, Leger D (2012) Prevalence and comorbidity of nocturnal wandering in the U.S. adult general population. Neurology 78:1583

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Montplaisir J, Petit D, Pilon M, Mongrain V, Zadra A (2011) Does sleepwalking impair daytime vigilance? J Clin Sleep Med 7:219

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Desautels A, Zadra A, Labelle MA, Dauvilliers Y, Petit D, Montplaisir J (2013) Daytime somnolence in adult sleepwalkers. Sleep Med 14:1187–1191

    Google Scholar 

  61. Oudiette D, Leu S, Pottier M, Buzare MA, Brion A, Arnulf I (2009) Dreamlike mentations during sleepwalking and sleep terrors in adults. Sleep 32:1621

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Zadra A, Desautels A, Petit D, Montplaisir J (2013) Somnambulism: clinical aspects and pathophysiological hypotheses. Lancet Neurol 12:285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Pai MN (1946) Sleep-walking and sleep activities. J Ment Sci 92:756

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Soldatos CR, Vela-Bueno A, Bixler EO, Schweitzer PK, Kales A (1980) Sleepwalking and night terrors in adulthood clinical EEG findings. Clin Electroencephalogr 11:136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  66. Schenck CH, Boyd JL, Mahowald MW (1997) A parasomnia overlap disorder involving sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and REM sleep behavior disorder in 33 polysomnographically confirmed cases. Sleep 20:972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mahowald M, Schenck CH (1999) Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep. In: Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA (eds) Handbook of behavioural state control: cellular and molecular mechanisms. CRC Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  68. Guilleminault C, Kirisoglu C, Bao G, Arias V, Chan A, Li KK (2005) Adult chronic sleepwalking and its treatment based on polysomnography. Brain 128:1062

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Labelle MA, Desautels A, Montplaisir J, Zadra A (2013) Psychopathological correlates of adult sleepwalking. Sleep Med (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Rosen G, Mahowald MW, Ferber R (1995) Sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and sleep terrors in the child. In: Ferber R, Kryger MH (eds) Principles and practice of sleep medicine in the child. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 99

    Google Scholar 

  71. Crisp AH, Matthews BM, Oakey M, Crutchfield M (1990) Sleepwalking, night terrors, and consciousness. BMJ 300:360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Juszczak GR, Swiergiel AH (2005) Serotonergic hypothesis of sleepwalking. Med Hypotheses 64:28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Barabas G, Ferrari M, Matthews WS (1983) Childhood migraine and somnambulism. Neurology 33:948

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Barabas G, Matthews WS, Ferrari M (1984) Somnambulism in children with Tourette syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 26:457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Giroud M, Nivelon JL, Dumas R (1987) Somnambulism and migraine in children. A non-fortuitous association. Arch Fr Pediatr 44:263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bassetti C, Vella S, Donati F, Wielepp P, Weder B (2000) SPECT during sleepwalking. Lancet 356:484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Klackenberg G (1982) Somnambulism in childhood—prevalence, course and behavioral correlations. A prospective longitudinal study (6–16 years). Acta Paediatr Scand 71:495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Bixler EO, Kales A, Soldatos CR, Kales JD, Healey S (1979) Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Am J Psychiatry 136:1257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG (1999) Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 60:268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Laberge L, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Montplaisir J (2000) Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence. Pediatrics 106:67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Shang CY, Gau SS, Soong WT (2006) Association between childhood sleep problems and perinatal factors, parental mental distress and behavioral problems. J Sleep Res 15:63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Petit D, Touchette E, Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Montplaisir J (2007) Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood. Pediatrics 119:e1016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Owens LJ, France KG, Wiggs L (1999) Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural interventions for sleep disorders in infants and children: a review. Sleep Med Rev 3:281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Clement PW (1970) Elimination of sleepwalking in a seven-year-old boy. J Consult Clin Psychol 34:22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Tobin JD Jr (1993) Treatment of somnambulism with anticipatory awakening. J Pediatr 122:426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Eliseo TS (1975) The hypnotic treatment of sleepwalking in an adult. Am J Clin Hypn 17:272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Gutnik BD, Reid WH (1982) Adult somnambulism: two treatment approaches. Nebr Med J 67:309

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Hurwitz TD, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Schluter JL, Bundlie SR (1991) A retrospective outcome study and review of hypnosis as treatment of adults with sleepwalking and sleep terror. J Nerv Ment Dis 179:228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Koe GG (1989) Hypnotic treatment of sleep terror disorder: a case report. Am J Clin Hypn 32:36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kohen DP, Mahowald MW, Rosen GM (1992) Sleep-terror disorder in children: the role of self-hypnosis in management. Am J Clin Hypn 34:233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Reid WH, Ahmed I, Levie CA (1981) Treatment of sleepwalking: a controlled study. Am J Psychother 35:27

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH (2005) REM sleep parasomnias. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds) Principles and practice of sleep medicine, fourth edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, p 897

    Google Scholar 

  93. Cameron OG, Thyer BA (1985) Treatment of pavor nocturnus with alprazolam. J Clin Psychiatry 46:504

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Cooper AJ (1987) Treatment of coexistent night-terrors and somnambulism in adults with imipramine and diazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 48:209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Fisher C, Kahn E, Edwards A, Davis DM (1973) A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors. I. Physiological aspects of the stage 4 night terror. J Nerv Ment Dis 157:75

    Google Scholar 

  96. Reid WH (1975) Treatment of somnambulism in military trainees. Am J Psychother 29:101

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Remulla A, Guilleminault C (2004) Somnambulism (sleepwalking). Expert Opin Pharmacother 5:2069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Gastaut H, Broughton RJ (1965) A clinical and polygraphic study of episodic phenomena during sleep. Recent Adv Biol Psychiatry 7:197

    Google Scholar 

  99. Bruni O, Ferri R, Novelli L, Finotti E, Miano S, Guilleminault C (2008) NREM sleep instability in children with sleep terrors: the role of slow wave activity interruptions. Clin Neurophysiol 119:985

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW (2000) On the reported association of psychopathology with sleep terrors in adults. Sleep 23:448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Abe K, Oda N, Ikenaga K, Yamada T (1993) Twin study on night terrors, fears and some physiological and behavioral characteristics in childhood. Psychiatr Genet 3:39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Nguyen BH, Perusse D, Paquet J, Petit D, Boivin M, Tremblay RE et al (2008) Sleep terrors in children: a prospective study of twins. Pediatrics 122:e1164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Abe K, Amatomi M, Oda N (1984) Sleepwalking and recurrent sleeptalking in children of childhood sleepwalkers. Am J Psychiatry 141:800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Broughton R (2000) NREM arousal parasomnias. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds) Principles and practice of sleep medicine, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 693

    Google Scholar 

  105. Rogozea R, Florea-Ciocoiu V (1983) Responsiveness disturbances in patients with night terrors. Neurol Psychiatr (Bucur) 21:83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Fisher C, Kahn E, Edwards A, Davis DM, Fine J (1974) A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors. 3. Mental content and recall of stage 4 night terrors. J Nerv Ment Dis 158:174

    Google Scholar 

  107. Zadra A, Nielsen TA (1998) Topographical EEG mapping in a case of recurrent sleep terrors. Dreaming 8:67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Fisher BE, Pauley C, McGuire K (1989) Children’s Sleep Behavior Scale: normative data on 870 children in grades 1 to 6. Percept Mot Skills 68:227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Simonds JF, Parraga H (1982) Prevalence of sleep disorders and sleep behaviors in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 21:383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Vela-Bueno A, Bixler EO, Dobladez-Blanco B, Rubio ME, Mattisson RE, Kales A (1985) Prevalence of night terrors and nightmares in elementary school children: a pilot study. Res Commun Psychol Psychiatry Behav 10:177

    Google Scholar 

  111. Lask B (1993) Sleep disorders: “waking treatment” best for night terrors. BMJ 306:1477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Bruni O, Ferri R, Miano S, Verrillo E (2004) l-5-Hydroxytryptophan treatment of sleep terrors in children. Eur J Pediatr 163:402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Levin R, Nielsen TA (2007) Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: a review and neurocognitive model. Psychol Bull 133:482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Nielsen T, Svob C, Kuiken D (2009) Dream-enacting behaviors in a normal population. Sleep 32:1629

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Fisher C, Byrne J, Edwards A, Kahn E (1970) A psychophysiological study of nightmares. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 18:747

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Simard V, Nielsen TA, Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Montplaisir JY (2008) Longitudinal study of bad dreams in preschool-aged children: prevalence, demographic correlates, risk and protective factors. Sleep 31:62

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Li SX, Zhang B, Li AM, Wing YK (2010) Prevalence and correlates of frequent nightmares: a community-based 2-phase study. Sleep 33:774

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Caldwell AB, Charney DS, Kales JD, Markel D et al (1980) Nightmares: clinical characteristics and personality patterns. Am J Psychiatry 137:1197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Levin R, Fireman G (2002) Nightmare prevalence, nightmare distress, and self-reported psychological disturbance. Sleep 25:205

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Zadra A, Donderi DC (2000) Nightmares and bad dreams: their prevalence and relationship to well-being. J Abnorm Psychol 109:273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Levin R (1994) Sleep and dreaming characteristics of frequent nightmare subjects in a university population. Dreaming 4:127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Kramer M, Schoen LS, Kinney L (1984) Psychological and behavioral features of disturbed dreamers. Psychiatric J Univ Ottawa 9:102

    Google Scholar 

  123. Levin R, Fireman G (2001) The relation of fantasy proneness, psychological absorption, and imaginative involvement to nightmare prevalence and nightmare distress. Imagination Cogn Pers 21:111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Starker S (1984) Daydreams, nightmares, and insomnia: the relation of waking fantasy to sleep disturbances. Imagination, Cogn Pers 4:237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Claridge GK, Clark K, Davis C (1997) Nightmares, dreams, and schizotypy. Br J Clin Psychol 36:377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hartmann E (1984) The nightmare: the psychology and the biology of terrifying dreams. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  127. Pietrowsky R, Köthe M (2003) Personal boundaries and nightmare consequences. Dreaming 13:245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Schredl M, Schafer G, Hofmann F, Jacob S (1999) Dream content and personality: thick vs. thin boundaries. Dreaming 9:257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Ohayon MM, Morselli PL, Guilleminault C (1997) Prevalence of nightmares and their relationship to psychopathology and daytime functioning in insomnia subjects. Sleep 20:340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Berlin RM, Litovitz GL, Diaz MA, Ahmed SW (1984) Sleep disorders on a psychiatric consultation service. Am J Psychiatry 141:582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Cernovsky ZZ (1986) MMPI and nightmare reports in women addicted to alcohol and other drugs. Percept Mot Skills 62:717

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Levin R (1998) Nightmares and schizotypy. Psychiatry 61:206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Munezawa T, Kaneita Y, Osaki Y, Kanda H, Ohtsu T, Suzuki H et al (2011) Nightmare and sleep paralysis among Japanese adolescents: a nationwide representative survey. Sleep Med 12:56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J, Viinamaki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P (2001) Nightmares as predictors of suicide. Sleep 24:845

    Google Scholar 

  135. Li SX, Lam SP, Yu MW, Zhang J, Wing YK (2010) Nocturnal sleep disturbances as a predictor of suicide attempts among psychiatric outpatients: a clinical, epidemiologic, prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 71:1440

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. McCall WV, Batson N, Webster M, Case LD, Joshi I, Derreberry T et al (2013) Nightmares and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep mediate the effect of insomnia symptoms on suicidal ideation. J Clin Sleep Med 9:135

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Nadorff MR, Nazem S, Fiske A (2011) Insomnia symptoms, nightmares, and suicidal ideation in a college student sample. Sleep 34:93

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Sjostrom N, Hetta J, Waern M (2009) Persistent nightmares are associated with repeat suicide attempt a prospective study. Psychiatry Res 170:208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Barrett D (1996) Trauma and dreams. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  140. Berquier A, Ashton R (1992) Characteristics of the frequent nightmare sufferer. J Abnorm Psychol 101:246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Cernovsky ZZ (1990) Group nightmares about escape from ex-homeland. J Clin Psychol 46:581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Dunn KK, Barrett D (1988) Characteristics of nightmare subjects and their nightmares. Psychiatr J Univ Ottawa 13:91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Husni M, Cernovsky ZZ, Koye N, Haggarty J (2001) Nightmares of refugees from Kurdistan. J Nerv Mental Dis 189:557

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Merikanto I, Kronholm E, Peltonen M, Laatikainen T, Lahti T, Partonen T (2012) Relation of chronotype to sleep complaints in the general Finnish population. Chronobiol Int 29:311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Nielsen T (2010) Nightmares associated with the eveningness chronotype. J Biol Rhythms 25:53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M (1999) Nightmares: familial aggregation and association with psychiatric disorders in a nationwide twin cohort. Am J Med Genet 88:329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Coolidge FL, Segal DL, Coolidge CM, Spinath FM, Gottschling J (2010) Do nightmares and generalized anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence have a common genetic origin? Behav Genet 40:349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Nielsen TA, Paquette T, Solomonova E, Lara-Carrasco J, Popova A, Levrier K (2010) REM sleep characteristics of nightmare sufferers before and after REM sleep deprivation. Sleep Med 11:172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Simor P, Horvath K, Gombos F, Takacs KP, Bodizs R (2012) Disturbed dreaming and sleep quality: altered sleep architecture in subjects with frequent nightmares. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 262:687

    Google Scholar 

  150. Simor P, Bodizs R, Horvath K, Ferri R (2013) Disturbed dreaming and the instability of sleep: altered nonrapid eye movement sleep microstructure in individuals with frequent nightmares as revealed by the cyclic alternating pattern. Sleep 36:413

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Nielsen T, Levin R (2007) Nightmares: A new neurocognitive model. Sleep Med Rev 11:295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Simor P, Pajkossy P, Horvath K, Bodizs R (2012) Impaired executive functions in subjects with frequent nightmares as reflected by performance in different neuropsychological tasks. Brain Cogn 78:274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Spoormaker VI, Schredl M, Bout JV (2005) Nightmares: from anxiety symptom to sleep disorder. Sleep Med Rev 10:19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Belicki D, Belicki K (1982) Nightmares in a university population. Sleep Res 11:116

    Google Scholar 

  155. Haynes SN, Mooney DK (1975) Nightmares: etiological, theoretical, and behavioral treatment considerations. Psychol Rec 25:225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Nielsen TA, Laberge L, Tremblay R, Vitaro F, Montplaisir J (2000) Development of disturbing dreams during adolescence and their relationship to anxiety symptoms. Sleep 23:727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Schredl M, Pallmer R (1998) Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in Angsttraumen von Schulerinnen und Schulern [Gender differences in anxiety dreams of school-aged children]. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 47:463

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Nielsen TA, Petit D (2008) Description of parasomnias. In: Kushida CA (ed) Handbook of sleep disorders. Taylor and Francis, Oxford, p 459

    Google Scholar 

  159. Germain A, Nielsen TA (2003) Impact of imagery rehearsal treatment on distressing dreams, psychological distress, and sleep parameters in nightmare patients. Behav Sleep Med 1:140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Jones E (1951) On the nightmare. Liveright, New York

    Google Scholar 

  161. Kingsbury SJ (1993) Brief hypnotic treatment of repetitive nightmares. Am J Clin Hypn 35:161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Krakow B, Sandoval D, Schrader R, Keuhne B, McBride L, Yau CL et al (2001) Treatment of chronic nightmares in adjudicated adolescent girls in a residential facility. J Adolesc Health 29:94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Marquis J (1991) A report on seventy-eight cases treated by eye movement desensitization. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 22:187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Miller WR, DiPilato M (1983) Treatment of nightmares via relaxation and desensitization: a controlled evaluation. J Consult Clin Psychol 51:870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Aurora RN, Zak RS, Maganti RK, Auerbach SH, Casey KR, Chowdhuri S et al (2010) Best practice guide for the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). J Clin Sleep Med 6:85

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Augedal AW, Hansen KS, Kronhaug CR, Harvey AG, Pallesen S (2013) Randomized controlled trials of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nightmares: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 17:143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Hansen K, Hofling V, Kroner-Borowik T, Stangier U, Steil R (2013) Efficacy of psychological interventions aiming to reduce chronic nightmares: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 33:146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Burgess M, Gill M, Marks I (1998) Postal self-exposure treatment of recurrent nightmares. Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 172:257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Cheyne JA, Rueffer SD, Newby-Clark IR (1999) Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during sleep paralysis: neurological and cultural construction of the night-mare. Conscious Cogn 8:319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Cheyne JA (2001) The ominous numinous. J Conscious Stud 8:133

    Google Scholar 

  171. Solomonova E, Nielsen T, Stenstrom P, Simard V, Frantova E, Donderi D (2008) Sensed presence as a correlate of sleep paralysis distress, social anxiety and waking state social imagery. Conscious Cogn 17:49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Hishikawa Y, Shimizu T (1995) Physiology of REM sleep, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis. In: Fahn S, Hallett M, Luders HO, Marsden CD (eds) Negative motor phenomena advances in neurology, vol 67. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, p 245

    Google Scholar 

  173. Takeuchi T, Fukuda K, Sasaki Y, Inugami M, Murphy T (2002) Factors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake schedule. Sleep 25:89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Cheyne JA (2005) Sleep paralysis episode frequency and number, types, and structure of associated hallucinations. J Sleep Res 14:319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Giaquinto S, Pompeiano O, Somogyi I (1964) Supraspinal modulation of heteronymous monosynaptic and of polysynaptic reflexes during natural sleep and wakefulness. Arch Ital Biol 102:230

    Google Scholar 

  176. Fukuda K, Miyasita A, Inugami M, Ishihara K (1987) High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: Kanashibari phenomenon in Japan. Sleep 10:279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Kotorii T, Uchimura N, Hashizume Y, Shirakawa S, Satomura T, Tanaka J et al (2001) Questionnaire relating to sleep paralysis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 55:265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Wing YK, Lee ST, Chen CN (1994) Sleep paralysis in Chinese: ghost oppression phenomenon in Hong Kong. Sleep 17:609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Hinton DE, Pich V, Chhean D, Pollack MH, McNally RJ (2005) Sleep paralysis among Cambodian refugees: association with PTSD diagnosis and severity. Depress Anxiety 22:47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Ohayon MM, Shapiro CM (2000) Sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Compr Psychiatry 41:469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Yeung A, Xu Y, Chang DF (2005) Prevalence and illness beliefs of sleep paralysis among Chinese psychiatric patients in China and the United States. Transcult Psychiatry 42:135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. McNally RJ, Clancy SA (2005) Sleep paralysis in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. J Anxiety Disord 19:595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. McNally RJ, Clancy SA (2005) Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction. Transcult Psychiatry 42:113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Alfonso SS (1991) Isolated sleep paralysis in patients with disorders due to anxiety crisis. Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines 19:58

    Google Scholar 

  185. Bell CC, Dixie-Bell DD, Thompson B (1986) Further studies on the prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects. J Natl Med Assoc 78:649

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  186. Bell CC, Hildreth CJ, Jenkins EJ, Carter C (1988) The relationship of isolated sleep paralysis and panic disorder to hypertension. J Natl Med Assoc 80:289

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  187. Friedman S, Paradis C (2002) Panic disorder in African-Americans: symptomatology and isolated sleep paralysis. Cult Med Psychiatry 26:179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Paradis CM, Friedman S (2005) Sleep paralysis in African Americans with panic disorder. Transcult Psychiatry 42:123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Ramsawh HJ, Raffa SD, White KS, Barlow DH (2008) Risk factors for isolated sleep paralysis in an African American sample: a preliminary study. Behav Ther 39:386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Otto MW, Simon NM, Powers M, Hinton D, Zalta AK, Pollack MH (2006) Rates of isolated sleep paralysis in outpatients with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 20:687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Simard V, Nielsen TA (2005) Sensed presence as a possible manifestation of social anxiety. Dreaming 15:245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  192. Hsieh SW, Lai CL, Liu CK, Lan SH, Hsu CY (2010) Isolated sleep paralysis linked to impaired nocturnal sleep quality and health-related quality of life in Chinese-Taiwanese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Qual Life Res 19:1265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. de Jong JT (2005) Cultural variation in the clinical presentation of sleep paralysis. Transcult Psychiatry 42:78

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Sharpless BA, McCarthy KS, Chambless DL, Milrod BL, Khalsa SR, Barber JP (2010) Isolated sleep paralysis and fearful isolated sleep paralysis in outpatients with panic attacks. J Clin Psychol 66:1292

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  195. Hufford DJ (1982) The terror that comes in the night: an experience-centered study of supernatural assault traditions. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  196. Arikawa H, Templer DI, Brown R, Cannon WG, Thomas-Dodson S (1999) The structure and correlates of Kanashibari. J Psychol 133:369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Sharpless BA, Barber JP (2011) Lifetime prevalence rates of sleep paralysis: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 15:311

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  198. Spanos NP, DuBreuil C, McNulty SA, Pires M, Burgess MF (1995) The frequency and correlates of sleep paralysis in a university sample. J Res Pers 29:285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Hufford D (1995) Awakening paralyzed in the presence of a “strange visitor”. In: Pritchard A, Pritchard DE, Mack JE, Kasey P, Yapp C (eds) Alien discussions: proceedings of the abduction study conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 1992. North Cambridge Press, Cambridge, MA, p 348

    Google Scholar 

  200. Snyder S, Hams G (1982) Serotoninergic agents in the treatment of isolated sleep paralysis. Am J Psychiatry 139:1202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Ettinger MG, Mahowald MW (1986) Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia. Sleep 9:293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Valli K, Frauscher B, Gschliesser V, Wolf E, Falkenstetter T, Schonwald SV et al (2012) Can observers link dream content to behaviours in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder? A cross-sectional experimental pilot study. J Sleep Res 21:21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW (2002) REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in Sleep. Sleep 25:120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Yeh SB, Schenck CH (2004) A case of marital discord and secondary depression with attempted suicide resulting from REM sleep behavior disorder in a 35-year-old woman. Sleep Med 5:151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Nielsen TA (2005) Disturbed dreaming in medical conditions. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds) Principles and practice of sleep medicine, 4th edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philiadelphia, p 936

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  206. Fantini ML, Corona A, Clerici S, Ferini-Strambi L (2005) Aggressive dream content without daytime aggressiveness in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 65:1010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW (1996) Long-term, nightly benzodiazepine treatment of injurious parasomnias and other disorders of disrupted nocturnal sleep in 170 adults. Am J Med 100:333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Iranzo A, Ratti PL, Casanova-Molla J, Serradell M, Vilaseca I, Santamaria J (2009) Excessive muscular activity increases over time in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 32:1149

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  209. Olson EJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH (2000) Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain 123:331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Schenck CH, Hurwitz TD, Mahowald MW (1993) Normal and abnormal REM sleep regulation: REM sleep behaviour disorder: an update on a series of 96 patients and a review of the world literature. J Sleep Res 2:224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Sforza E, Krieger J, Petiau C (1997) REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical and physiopathological findings. Sleep Med Rev 1:57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Montplaisir J, Gagnon JF, Fantini ML, Postuma RB, Dauvilliers Y, Desautels A et al (2010) Polysomnographic diagnosis of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 25:2044

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Massicotte-Marquez J, Carrier J, Decary A, Mathieu A, Vendette M, Petit D et al (2005) Slow-wave sleep and delta power in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol 57:277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Fantini ML, Gagnon JF, Petit D, Rompre S, Decary A, Carrier J et al (2003) Slowing of electroencephalogram in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol 53:774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Fantini ML, Michaud M, Gosselin N, Lavigne G, Montplaisir J (2002) Periodic leg movements in REM sleep behavior disorder and related autonomic and EEG activation. Neurology 59:1889

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Fantini ML, Gagnon J, Michaud M, Rompré S, Ferini Strambi L, Montplaisir J (2004) Periodic leg movements in REM sleep behavior disorder: comparison with age-matched controls. Sleep 27:A290

    Google Scholar 

  217. Manconi M, Ferri R, Zucconi M, Fantini ML, Plazzi G, Ferini-Strambi L (2007) Time structure analysis of leg movements during sleep in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 30:1779

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  218. Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan SF, Medicine ftAAoS (2007) The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications, 1st edn. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester

    Google Scholar 

  219. Ferri R, Marelli S, Cosentino FI, Rundo F, Ferini-Strambi L, Zucconi M (2013) Night-to-night variability of automatic quantitative parameters of the chin EMG amplitude (Atonia Index) in REM sleep behavior disorder. J Clin Sleep Med 9:253

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  220. Frauscher B, Iranzo A, Gaig C, Gschliesser V, Guaita M, Raffelseder V et al (2012) Normative EMG values during REM sleep for the diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 35:835

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  221. Frauscher B, Ehrmann L, Hogl B (2013) Defining muscle activities for assessment of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: from a qualitative to a quantitative diagnostic level. Sleep Med 14:729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Frauscher B, Ehrmann L, Zamarian L, Auer F, Mitterling T, Gabelia D et al (2012) Validation of the innsbruck REM sleep behavior disorder inventory. Mov Disord 27:1673

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Postuma RB, Arnulf I, Hogl B, Iranzo A, Miyamoto T, Dauvilliers Y et al (2012) A single-question screen for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter validation study. Mov Disord 27:913

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  224. Boeve BF, Molano JR, Ferman TJ, Lin SC, Bieniek K, Tippmann-Peikert M et al (2013) Validation of the Mayo sleep questionnaire to screen for REM sleep behavior disorder in a community-based sample. J Clin Sleep Med 9:475

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  225. Li SX, Wing YK, Lam SP, Zhang J, Yu MW, Ho CK et al (2010) Validation of a new REM sleep behavior disorder questionnaire (RBDQ-HK). Sleep Med 11:43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Postuma RB, Montplaisir JY, Pelletier A, Dauvilliers Y, Oertel W, Iranzo A et al (2012) Environmental risk factors for REM sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter case-control study. Neurology 79:428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  227. Gagnon JF, Postuma RB, Montplaisir J (2006) Update on the pharmacology of REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 67:742

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Lam SP, Li SX, Chan JW, Mok V, Tsoh J, Chan A et al (2013) Does rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder exist in psychiatric populations? A clinical and polysomnographic case-control study. Sleep Med 14:788

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Nightingale S, Orgill JC, Ebrahim IO, de Lacy SF, Agrawal S, Williams AJ (2005) The association between narcolepsy and REM behavior disorder (RBD). Sleep Med 6:253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW (1992) Motor dyscontrol in narcolepsy: rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol 32:3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Knudsen S, Gammeltoft S, Jennum PJ (2010) Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in patients with narcolepsy is associated with hypocretin-1 deficiency. Brain 133:568

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Gagnon JF, Bedard MA, Fantini ML, Petit D, Panisset M, Rompre S et al (2002) REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 59:585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW (1996) Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38 % of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurology 46:388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, Lin SC, Benarroch EE, Schmeichel AM et al (2013) Clinicopathologic correlations in 172 cases of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder with or without a coexisting neurologic disorder. Sleep Med 14:754

    Google Scholar 

  235. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, Kokmen E, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ et al (1998) REM sleep behavior disorder and degenerative dementia: an association likely reflecting Lewy body disease. Neurology 51:363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Plazzi G, Corsini R, Provini F, Pierangeli G, Martinelli P, Montagna P et al (1997) REM sleep behavior disorders in multiple system atrophy. Neurology 48:1094

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. De Cock VC, Vidailhet M, Leu S, Texeira A, Apartis E, Elbaz A et al (2007) Restoration of normal motor control in Parkinson’s disease during REM sleep. Brain 130:450

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Gagnon JF, Petit D, Fantini ML, Rompre S, Gauthier S, Panisset M et al (2006) REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in probable Alzheimer disease. Sleep 29:1321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Arnulf I, Merino-Andreu M, Bloch F, Konofal E, Vidailhet M, Cochen V et al (2005) REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Sleep 28:349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW (2003) REM behavior disorder (RBD): delayed emergence of parkinsonism and/or dementia in 65 % of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic RBD, and an analysis of the minimum & maximum tonic and/or phasic electromyographic abnormalities found during REM sleep. Sleep 26:A316

    Google Scholar 

  241. Iranzo A, Tolosa E, Gelpi E, Molinuevo JL, Valldeoriola F, Serradell M et al (2013) Neurodegenerative disease status and post-mortem pathology in idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 12:443

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Schenck CH, Boeve BF, Mahowald MW (2013) Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder or dementia in 81 % of older males initially diagnosed with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD): 16 year update on a previously reported series. Sleep Med 14:744–748

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Claassen DO, Josephs KA, Ahlskog JE, Silber MH, Tippmann-Peikert M, Boeve BF (2010) REM sleep behavior disorder preceding other aspects of synucleinopathies by up to half a century. Neurology 75:494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  244. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Desjardins C, Montplaisir JY (2011) Olfaction and color vision identify impending neurodegeneration in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol 69:811

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Postuma RB, Montplaisir J (2006) Potential early markers of Parkinson’s disease in idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder. Lancet Neurol 5:552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Frauscher B, Nomura T, Duerr S, Ehrmann L, Gschliesser V, Wenning GK et al (2012) Investigation of autonomic function in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. J Neurol 259:1056

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Lanfranchi PA, Fradette L, Gagnon JF, Colombo R, Montplaisir J (2007) Cardiac autonomic regulation during sleep in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 30:1019

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  248. Miyamoto T, Miyamoto M, Inoue Y, Usui Y, Suzuki K, Hirata K (2006) Reduced cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 67:2236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Postuma RB, Lanfranchi PA, Blais H, Gagnon JF, Montplaisir JY (2010) Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 25:2304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Romenets SR, Gagnon JF, Latreille V, Panniset M, Chouinard S, Montplaisir J et al (2012) Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and subtypes of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 27:996

    Google Scholar 

  251. Fantini ML, Ferini-Strambi L, Montplaisir J (2005) Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: toward a better nosologic definition. Neurology 64:780

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Ferman TJ, Boeve BF, Smith GE, Silber MH, Kokmen E, Petersen RC et al (1999) REM sleep behavior disorder and dementia: cognitive differences when compared with AD. Neurology 52:951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Ferini-Strambi L, Di Gioia MR, Castronovo V, Oldani A, Zucconi M, Cappa SF (2004) Neuropsychological assessment in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD): does the idiopathic form of RBD really exist? Neurology 62:41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Massicotte-Marquez J, Decary A, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Mathieu A, Postuma RB et al (2008) Executive dysfunction and memory impairment in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 70:1250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Delazer M, Hogl B, Zamarian L, Wenter J, Ehrmann L, Gschliesser V et al (2012) Decision making and executive functions in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 35:667

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  256. Dang-Vu TT, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Soucy JP, Postuma RB, Montplaisir J (2012) Hippocampal perfusion predicts impending neurodegeneration in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 79:2302

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  257. Vendette M, Gagnon JF, Soucy JP, Gosselin N, Postuma RB, Tuineag M et al (2011) Brain perfusion and markers of neurodegeneration in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 26:1717

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Vendette M, Montplaisir J, Gosselin N, Soucy JP, Postuma RB, Dang-Vu TT et al (2012) Brain perfusion anomalies in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder with mild cognitive impairment. Mov Disord 27:1255

    Google Scholar 

  259. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E (2003) Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 24:197

    Google Scholar 

  260. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Montplaisir J (2013) Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder as a biomarker for neurodegeneration: the past 10years. Sleep Med 14:763–767

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Caselli RJ, Chen K, Bandy D, Smilovici O, Boeve BF, Osborne D et al (2006) A preliminary fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study in healthy adults reporting dream-enactment behavior. Sleep 29:927

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Eisensehr I, Linke R, Noachtar S, Schwarz J, Gildehaus FJ, Tatsch K (2000) Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Comparison with Parkinson’s disease and controls. Brain 123:1155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Chervin RD, Consens FB, Wernette K, Frey KA et al (2000) Decreased striatal dopaminergic innervation in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 55:1410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Eisensehr I, Linke R, Tatsch K, Kharraz B, Gildehaus JF, Wetter CT et al (2003) Increased muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep correlates with decrease of striatal presynaptic dopamine transporters. IPT and IBZM SPECT imaging in subclinical and clinically manifest idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and controls. Sleep 26:507

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Chervin RD et al (2003) REM sleep behavior disorder is related to striatal monoaminergic deficit in MSA. Neurology 61:29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Hendricks JC, Morrison AR, Mann GL (1982) Different behaviors during paradoxical sleep without atonia depend on pontine lesion site. Brain Res 239:81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Jouvet M, Delorme F (1965) Locus Coeruleus et Sommeil Paradoxal. C R Soc Biol 159:895

    Google Scholar 

  268. Lai YY, Siegel JM (1990) Muscle tone suppression and stepping produced by stimulation of midbrain and rostral pontine reticular formation. J Neurosci 10:2727

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Krenzer M, Lu J, Mayer G, Oertel W (2013) From bench to bed: putative animal models of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). J Neural Transm 120:683

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Luppi PH, Clement O, Valencia Garcia S, Brischoux F, Fort P (2013) New aspects in the pathophysiology of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: the potential role of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine. Sleep Med 14:714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Benarroch EE (2002) New findings on the neuropathology of multiple system atrophy. Auton Neurosci 96:59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Turner RS, D’Amato CJ, Chervin RD, Blaivas M (2000) The pathology of REM sleep behavior disorder with comorbid Lewy body dementia. Neurology 55:1730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Culebras A, Moore JT (1989) Magnetic resonance findings in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 39:1519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Kimura K, Tachibana N, Kohyama J, Otsuka Y, Fukazawa S, Waki R (2000) A discrete pontine ischemic lesion could cause REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 55:894

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Zambelis T, Paparrigopoulos T, Soldatos CR (2002) REM sleep behaviour disorder associated with a neurinoma of the left pontocerebellar angle. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:821

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  276. Provini F, Vetrugno R, Pastorelli F, Lombardi C, Plazzi G, Marliani AF et al (2004) Status dissociatus after surgery for tegmental ponto-mesencephalic cavernoma: a state-dependent disorder of motor control during sleep. Mov Disord 19:719

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Jianhua C, Xiuqin L, Quancai C, Heyang S, Yan H (2013) Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in a patient with brainstem lymphoma. Intern Med 52:617

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Priest RG (1997) Violent behavior during sleep. J Clin Psychiatry 58:369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Chiu HF, Wing YK, Lam LC, Li SW, Lum CM, Leung T et al (2000) Sleep-related injury in the elderly—an epidemiological study in Hong Kong. Sleep 23:513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Oudiette D, De Cock VC, Lavault S, Leu S, Vidailhet M, Arnulf I (2009) Nonviolent elaborate behaviors may also occur in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 72:551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Boot BP, Boeve BF, Roberts RO, Ferman TJ, Geda YE, Pankratz VS et al (2012) Probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder increases risk for mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Ann Neurol 71:49

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  282. Kang SH, Yoon IY, Lee SD, Han JW, Kim TH, Kim KW (2013) REM sleep behavior disorder in the Korean elderly population: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Sleep 36:1147

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  283. Bonakis A, Howard RS, Ebrahim IO, Merritt S, Williams A (2009) REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and its associations in young patients. Sleep Med 10:641

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Dauvilliers Y, Postuma RB, Ferini-Strambi L, Arnulf I, Hogl B, Manni R et al (2013) Family history of idiopathic REM behavior disorder: a multicenter case-control study. Neurology 80:2233–2235

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  285. Ferri R, Zucconi M, Marelli S, Plazzi G, Schenck CH, Ferini-Strambi L (2013) Effects of long-term use of clonazepam on nonrapid eye movement sleep patterns in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 14:399

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Chadwick D, Hallett M, Harris R, Jenner P, Reynolds EH, Marsden CD (1977) Clinical, biochemical, and physiological features distinguishing myoclonus responsive to 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and clonazepam. Brain 100:455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Green RA, Gillin JC, Wyatt RJ (1976) The inhibitory effect of intraventricular administration of serotonin on spontaneous motor activity of rats. Psychopharmacology 51:81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Fleisher LN, Simon JR, Aprison MH (1979) A biochemical–behavioral model for studying serotonergic supersensitivity in brain. J Neurochem 32:1613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Woods JH, Winger G (1995) Current benzodiazepine issues. Psychopharmacology 118:107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Schuld A, Kraus T, Haack M, Hinze-Selch D, Pollmacher T (1999) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome induced by clonazepam in a narcoleptic patient with REM-sleep-behavior disorder. J Sleep Res 8:321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Kunz D, Bes F (1999) Melatonin as a therapy in REM sleep behavior disorder patients: an open-labeled pilot study on the possible influence of melatonin on REM-sleep regulation. Mov Disord 14:507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Takeuchi N, Uchimura N, Hashizume Y, Mukai M, Etoh Y, Yamamoto K et al (2001) Melatonin therapy for REM sleep behavior disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 55:267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ (2003) Melatonin for treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurologic disorders: results in 14 patients. Sleep Med 4:281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. McCarter SJ, Boswell CL, St Louis EK, Dueffert LG, Slocumb N, Boeve BF et al (2013) Treatment outcomes in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 14:237

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  295. Ringman JM, Simmons JH (2000) Treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder with donepezil: a report of three cases. Neurology 55:870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Grace JB, Walker MP, McKeith IG (2000) A comparison of sleep profiles in patients with dementia with lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15:1028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Maclean LE, Collins CC, Byrne EJ (2001) Dementia with Lewy bodies treated with rivastigmine: effects on cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and sleep. Int Psychogeriatr 13:277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Massironi G, Galluzzi S, Frisoni GB (2003) Drug treatment of REM sleep behavior disorders in dementia with Lewy bodies. Int Psychogeriatr 15:377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Fantini ML, Gagnon JF, Filipini D, Montplaisir J (2003) The effects of pramipexole in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 61:1418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Sasai T, Inoue Y, Matsuura M (2012) Effectiveness of pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, on rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Tohoku J Exp Med 226:177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Sasai T, Matsuura M, Inoue Y (2013) Factors associated with the effect of pramipexole on symptoms of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 19:153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Iranzo A, Kumru H, Santamaria J et al (2005) Lack of effect of pramipexole on REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in subjects with Parkinson’s disease. Sleep 28:A260

    Google Scholar 

  303. Bader G, Neveus T, Kruse S, Sillen U (2002) Sleep of primary enuretic children and controls. Sleep 25:579

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Wolfish NM, Pivik RT, Busby KA (1997) Elevated sleep arousal thresholds in enuretic boys: clinical implications. Acta Paediatr 86:381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Butler RJ, Holland P (2000) The three systems: a conceptual way of understanding nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 34:270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Neveus T (2003) The role of sleep and arousal in nocturnal enuresis. Acta Paediatr 92:1118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Jarvelin MR, Vikevainen-Tervonen L, Moilanen I, Huttunen NP (1988) Enuresis in seven-year-old children. Acta Paediatr Scand 77:148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Liu X, Sun Z, Neiderhiser JM, Uchiyama M, Okawa M (2001) Low birth weight, developmental milestones, and behavioral problems in Chinese children and adolescents. Psychiatry Res 101:115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Von Gontard A, Schmelzer D, Seifen S, Pukrop R (2001) Central nervous system involvement in nocturnal enuresis: evidence of general neuromotor delay and specific brainstem dysfunction. J Urol 166:2448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  310. Touchette E, Petit D, Paquet J, Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Montplaisir JY (2005) Bed-wetting and its association with developmental milestones in early childhood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159:1129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Barbour RF, Borland EM, Boyd MM, Miller A, Oppe TE (1963) Enuresis as a disorder of development. Br Med J 2:787

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  312. Essen J, Peckham C (1976) Nocturnal enuresis in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 18:577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Kawauchi A, Tanaka Y, Yamao Y, Inaba M, Kanazawa M, Ukimura O et al (2001) Follow-up study of bedwetting from 3 to 5 years of age. Urology 58:772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Mimouni M, Shuper A, Mimouni F, Grunebaum M, Varsano I (1985) Retarded skeletal maturation in children with primary enuresis. Eur J Pediatr 144:234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Dundaroz MR, Sarici SU, Denli M, Aydin HI, Kocaoglu M, Ozisik T (2001) Bone age in children with nocturnal enuresis. Int Urol Nephrol 32:389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Lei D, Ma J, Shen X, Du X, Shen G, Liu W et al (2012) Changes in the brain microstructure of children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a diffusion tensor imaging study. PLoS ONE 7:e31023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  317. Yu B, Kong F, Peng M, Ma H, Liu N, Guo Q (2012) Assessment of memory/attention impairment in children with primary nocturnal enuresis: a voxel-based morphometry study. Eur J Radiol 81:4119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Esposito M, Gallai B, Parisi L, Roccella M, Marotta R, Lavano SM et al (2013) Primary nocturnal enuresis as a risk factor for sleep disorders: an observational questionnaire-based multicenter study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 9:437

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  319. Weintraub Y, Singer S, Alexander D, Hacham S, Menuchin G, Lubetzky R et al (2013) Enuresis–an unattended comorbidity of childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 37:75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (1994) Nocturnal enuresis and behavioral problems in adolescence: a 15-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics 94:662

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Van Hoecke E, Hoebeke P, Braet C, Walle JV (2004) An assessment of internalizing problems in children with enuresis. J Urol 171:2580

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Baek M, Park K, Lee HE, Kang JH, Suh HJ, Kim JH et al (2013) A nationwide epidemiological study of nocturnal enuresis in korean adolescents and adults: population based cross sectional study. J Korean Med Sci 28:1065

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  323. von Gontard A, Schaumburg H, Hollmann E, Eiberg H, Rittig S (2001) The genetics of enuresis: a review. J Urol 166:2438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  324. von Gontard A, Heron J, Joinson C (2011) Family history of nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence: results from a large epidemiological study. J Urol 185:2303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  325. Byrd RS, Weitzman M, Lanphear NE, Auinger P (1996) Bed-wetting in US children: epidemiology and related behavior problems. Pediatrics 98:414

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Bakwin H (1973) The genetics of enuresis. In: Kolvin I, MacKeith RC, Meadow SR (eds) Bladder control and enuresis. Spastics International Medical Publications, London, p 73

    Google Scholar 

  327. Burgio KL, Locher JL, Ives DG, Hardin JM, Newman AB, Kuller LH (1996) Nocturnal enuresis in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Vande Walle J, Rittig S, Bauer S, Eggert P, Marschall-Kehrel D, Tekgul S (2012) Practical consensus guidelines for the management of enuresis. Eur J Pediatr 171:971

    Google Scholar 

  329. von Gontard A (2013) The impact of DSM-5 and guidelines for assessment and treatment of elimination disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22(Suppl 1):S61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  330. Butler RJ (2004) Childhood nocturnal enuresis: developing a conceptual framework. Clin Psychol Rev 24:909

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  331. Deshpande AV, Caldwell PH, Sureshkumar P (2012) Drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children (other than desmopressin and tricyclics). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD002238

    Google Scholar 

  332. Franco I, von Gontard A, De Gennaro M (2013) Evaluation and treatment of nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children’s Continence Society. J Pediatr Urol 9:234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  333. Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Glaros AG, Kato T, Koyano K, Lavigne GJ et al (2013) Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus. J Oral Rehabil 40:2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Ommerborn MA, Giraki M, Schneider C, Fuck LM, Handschel J, Franz M et al (2012) Effects of sleep bruxism on functional and occlusal parameters: a prospective controlled investigation. Int J Oral Sci 4:141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Lavigne GJ, Rompre PH, Montplaisir JY (1996) Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study. J Dent Res 75:546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Macaluso GM, Guerra P, Di Giovanni G, Boselli M, Parrino L, Terzano MG (1998) Sleep bruxism is a disorder related to periodic arousals during sleep. J Dent Res 77:565

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Nashed A, Lanfranchi P, Rompre P, Carra MC, Mayer P, Colombo R et al (2012) Sleep bruxism is associated with a rise in arterial blood pressure. Sleep 35:529

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  338. Kato T, Montplaisir JY, Blanchet PJ, Lund JP, Lavigne GJ (1999) Idiopathic myoclonus in the oromandibular region during sleep: a possible source of confusion in sleep bruxism diagnosis. Mov Disord 14:865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  339. Lobbezoo F, Rompre PH, Soucy JP, Iafrancesco C, Turkewicz J, Montplaisir JY et al (2001) Lack of associations between occlusal and cephalometric measures, side imbalance in striatal D2 receptor binding, and sleep-related oromotor activities. J Orofacial Pain 15:64

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Raphael KG, Sirois DA, Janal MN, Wigren PE, Dubrovsky B, Nemelivsky LV et al (2012) Sleep bruxism and myofascial temporomandibular disorders: a laboratory-based polysomnographic investigation. J Am Dent Assoc 143:1223

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  341. Ferreira-Bacci Ado V, Cardoso CL, Diaz-Serrano KV (2012) Behavioral problems and emotional stress in children with bruxism. Braz Dent J 23:246

    Google Scholar 

  342. Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Flores-Mendoza CE, Ramos-Jorge ML, Pordeus IA (2012) Association among stress, personality traits, and sleep bruxism in children. Pediatr Dent 34:e30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Manfredini D, Landi N, Fantoni F, Segu M, Bosco M (2005) Anxiety symptoms in clinically diagnosed bruxers. J Oral Rehabil 32:584

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Casanova-Rosado JF, Medina-Solis CE, Vallejos-Sanchez AA, Casanova-Rosado AJ, Hernandez-Prado B, Avila-Burgos L (2006) Prevalence and associated factors for temporomandibular disorders in a group of Mexican adolescents and youth adults. Clin Oral Investig 10:42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  345. Lavigne GL, Lobbezoo F, Rompre PH, Nielsen TA, Montplaisir J (1997) Cigarette smoking as a risk factor or an exacerbating factor for restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism. Sleep 20:290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Lobbezoo F, Lavigne GJ, Tanguay R, Montplaisir JY (1997) The effect of catecholamine precursor l-dopa on sleep bruxism: a controlled clinical trial. Mov Disord 12:73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Lavigne GJ, Soucy JP, Lobbezoo F, Manzini C, Blanchet PJ, Montplaisir JY (2001) Double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial of bromocriptine in patients with sleep bruxism. Clin Neuropharmacol 24:145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Feu D, Catharino F, Quintao CC, Almeida MA (2013) A systematic review of etiological and risk factors associated with bruxism. J Orthod 40:163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  349. Kato T, Rompre P, Montplaisir JY, Sessle BJ, Lavigne GJ (2001) Sleep bruxism: an oromotor activity secondary to micro-arousal. J Dent Res 80:1940

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Huynh N, Kato T, Rompre PH, Okura K, Saber M, Lanfranchi PA et al (2006) Sleep bruxism is associated to micro-arousals and an increase in cardiac sympathetic activity. J Sleep Res 15:339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  351. van der Zaag J, Naeije M, Wicks DJ, Hamburger HL, Lobbezoo F (2013) Time-linked concurrence of sleep bruxism, periodic limb movements, and EEG arousals in sleep bruxers and healthy controls. Clin Oral Investig 18:507

    Google Scholar 

  352. Lavigne GJ, Huynh N, Kato T, Okura K, Adachi K, Yao D et al (2007) Genesis of sleep bruxism: motor and autonomic-cardiac interactions. Arch Oral Biol 52:381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M (1998) Sleep bruxism based on self-report in a nationwide twin cohort. J Sleep Res 7:61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  354. Lavigne GJ, Montplaisir JY (1995) Bruxism: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology and pharmacology. In: Fricton JR, Dubner R (eds) Orofacial pain and temporomandibular disorders. Raven Press, New York, p 387

    Google Scholar 

  355. Rintakoski K, Hublin C, Lobbezoo F, Rose RJ, Kaprio J (2012) Genetic factors account for half of the phenotypic variance in liability to sleep-related bruxism in young adults: a nationwide Finnish twin cohort study. Twin Res Hum Genet 15:714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Lindqvist B (1974) Bruxism in twins. Acta Odontol Scand 32:177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. Manfredini D, Restrepo C, Diaz-Serrano K, Winocur E, Lobbezoo F (2013) Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: a systematic review of the literature. J Oral Rehabil 40:631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  358. Insana SP, Gozal D, McNeil DW, Montgomery-Downs HE (2013) Community based study of sleep bruxism during early childhood. Sleep Med 14:183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Itani O, Kaneita Y, Ikeda M, Kondo S, Yamamoto R, Osaki Y et al (2013) Disorders of arousal and sleep-related bruxism among Japanese adolescents: a nationwide representative survey. Sleep Med 14:532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Lavigne GJ, Montplaisir JY (1994) Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians. Sleep 17:739

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  361. Ohayon MM, Li KK, Guilleminault C (2001) Risk factors for sleep bruxism in the general population. Chest 119:53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  362. Kato T, Velly AM, Nakane T, Masuda Y, Maki S (2012) Age is associated with self-reported sleep bruxism, independently of tooth loss. Sleep Breath 16:1159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  363. Maluly M, Andersen ML, Dal-Fabbro C, Garbuio S, Bittencourt L, de Siqueira JT et al (2013) Polysomnographic study of the prevalence of sleep bruxism in a population sample. J Dent Res 92:97S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  364. Huynh NT, Rompre PH, Montplaisir JY, Manzini C, Okura K, Lavigne GJ (2006) Comparison of various treatments for sleep bruxism using determinants of number needed to treat and effect size. Int J Prosthodont 19:435

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  365. Madani AS, Abdollahian E, Khiavi HA, Radvar M, Foroughipour M, Asadpour H et al (2013) The efficacy of gabapentin versus stabilization splint in management of sleep bruxism. J Prosthodont 22:126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  366. Ghanizadeh A, Zare S (2013) A preliminary randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of hydroxyzine for treating sleep bruxism in children. J Oral Rehabil 40:413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  367. Wang LF, Long H, Deng M, Xu H, Fang J, Fan Y et al (2013) Biofeedback treatment for sleep bruxism: a systematic review. Sleep Breath 18:235

    Google Scholar 

  368. Stepanova I, Nevsimalova S, Hanusova J (2005) Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood. Sleep 28:851

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  369. de Lissovoy V (1962) Headbanging in early childhood. Child Dev 33:43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  370. Spalter HF, Bemporad JR, Sours JA (1970) Cataracts following chronic headbanging. Report of two cases. Arch Ophthalmol 83:182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  371. Mackenzie JM (1991) “Headbanging” and fatal subdural haemorrhage. Lancet 338:1457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  372. Mayer G, Wilde-Frenz J, Kurella B (2007) Sleep related rhythmic movement disorder revisited. J Sleep Res 16:110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Thorpy MJ (1987) Rhythmical body movements during sleep. In: Segawa M (ed) body movements during sleep. Sanposha, Tokyo, p 47

    Google Scholar 

  374. Walters AS, Hening WA, Chokroverty S (1988) Frequent occurrence of myoclonus while awake and at rest, body rocking and marching in place in a subpopulation of patients with restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 77:418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Vitello N, Bayard S, Lopez R, Carlander B, Dauvilliers Y, De Cock VC (2012) Rhythmic movement disorder associated with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 13:1324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Attarian H, Ward N, Schuman C (2009) A multigenerational family with persistent sleep related rhythmic movement disorder (RMD) and insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med 5:571

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  377. Manni R, Terzaghi M (2007) Rhythmic movements in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 22:1797

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  378. Xu Z, Anderson KN, Shneerson JM (2009) Association of idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in an adult with persistent, childhood onset rhythmic movement disorder. J Clin Sleep Med 5:374

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  379. Bonakis A, Kritikou I, Vagiakis E, Nanas S, Papageorgiou SG (2011) A familial case of sleep rhythmic movement disorder persistent into adulthood; approach to pathophysiology. Mov Disord 26:1770

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  380. Walters AS, Silvestri R, Zucconi M, Chandrashekariah R, Konofal E (2008) Review of the possible relationship and hypothetical links between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the simple sleep related movement disorders, parasomnias, hypersomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders. J Clin Sleep Med 4:591

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  381. Chisholm T, Morehouse RL (1996) Adult headbanging: sleep studies and treatment. Sleep 19:343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  382. Manni R, Terzaghi M (2005) Rhythmic movements during sleep: a physiological and pathological profile. Neurol Sci 26(Suppl 3):s181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  383. Grillner S, Wallen P (1985) Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates. Annu Rev Neurosci 8:233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  384. Klackenberg G (1971) A prospective longitudinal study of children. Data on psychic health and development up to 8 years of age. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 224:1

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  385. Merlino G, Serafini A, Dolso P, Canesin R, Valente M, Gigli GL (2008) Association of body rolling, leg rolling, and rhythmic feet movements in a young adult: a video-polysomnographic study performed before and after one night of clonazepam. Mov Disord 23:602

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  386. Arkin AM, Toth MF, Baker J, Hastey JM (1970) The frequency of sleep talking in the laboratory among chronic sleep talkers and good dream recallers. J Nerv Ment Dis 151:369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  387. Arkin AM (1981) Sleep-talking: psychology and psychophysiology. Erlbaum, Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  388. Tani K, Yoshu N, Yoshino I, Kobayashi E (1966) Electroencephalographic study of parasomnia: sleep-talking, enuresis and bruxism. Physiol Behav 1:241

    Google Scholar 

  389. Arkin AM, Toth MF, Baker J, Hastey JM (1970) The degree of concordance between the content of sleep talking and mentation recalled in wakefulness. J Nerv Ment Dis 151:375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  390. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M (1998) Sleeptalking in twins: epidemiology and psychiatric comorbidity. Behav Genet 28:289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  391. Honda K, Hashimoto M, Yatabe Y, Kaneda K, Yuki S, Ogawa Y et al (2013) The usefulness of monitoring sleep talking for the diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy bodies. Int Psychogeriatr 25:851

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. Bjorvatn B, Gronli J, Pallesen S (2010) Prevalence of different parasomnias in the general population. Sleep Med 11:1031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  393. Overland B, Akre H, Berdal H, Skatvedt O (2012) Sleep-related groaning: prevalence and characteristics in a cohort of patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea. Acta Otolaryngol 132:90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  394. Pevernagie DA, Boon PA, Mariman AN, Verhaeghen DB, Pauwels RA (2001) Vocalization during episodes of prolonged expiration: a parasomnia related to REM sleep. Sleep Med 2:19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  395. Oldani A, Manconi M, Zucconi M, Castronovo V, Ferini-Strambi L (2005) ‘Nocturnal groaning’: just a sound or parasomnia? J Sleep Res 14:305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  396. Grigg-Damberger M, Brown LK, Casey KR (2006) A cry in the night: nocturnal moaning in a 12-year-old boy. Sleep-related groaning (Catahrenia). J Clin Sleep Med 2:354

    Google Scholar 

  397. Iriarte J, Alegre M, Urrestarazu E, Viteri C, Arcocha J, Artieda J (2006) Continuous positive airway pressure as treatment for catathrenia (nocturnal groaning). Neurology 66:609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Vetrugno R, Lugaresi E, Plazzi G, Provini F, D’Angelo R, Montagna P (2007) Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): an abnormal respiratory pattern during sleep. Eur J Neurol 14:1236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  399. Prihodova I, Sonka K, Kemlink D, Volna J, Nevsimalova S (2009) Arousals in nocturnal groaning. Sleep Med 10:1051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  400. Guilleminault C, Hagen CC, Khaja AM (2008) Catathrenia: parasomnia or uncommon feature of sleep disordered breathing? Sleep 31:132

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  401. Koo DL, Hong SB, Joo EY (2012) Acoustic characteristic of catathrenia and snoring: different subtypes of catathrenia. Sleep Med 13:961

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  402. Manconi M, Zucconi M, Carrot B, Ferri R, Oldani A, Ferini-Strambi L (2008) Association between bruxism and nocturnal groaning. Mov Disord 23:737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  403. Postuma RB, Lang AE, Massicotte-Marquez J, Montplaisir J (2006) Potential early markers of Parkinson disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 66:845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada

    Jacques Montplaisir, Antonio Zadra, Tore Nielsen & Dominique Petit

Authors
  1. Jacques Montplaisir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Antonio Zadra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tore Nielsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dominique Petit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacques Montplaisir .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Graduate Medical Education, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA

    Sudhansu Chokroverty

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Montplaisir, J., Zadra, A., Nielsen, T., Petit, D. (2017). Parasomnias. In: Chokroverty, S. (eds) Sleep Disorders Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_50

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_50

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6576-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6578-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation