Abstract
The main assumption of the reservoir-wave model is that the blood pressure curve can be separated into two components: reservoir pressure and wave pressure. Also, the linear relationship between reservoir pressure with aortic volume and the wave pressure with blood flow velocity are assumed. This indicates that aortic characteristic impedance and arterial compliance should be constant during the whole cardiac cycle. Using impedance cardiography it is possible to measure changes in thoracic electrical impedance which reflects fluctuations of arterial blood volume and allows to estimate reservoir pressure.
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between blood pressure and impedance cardiography signal (ΔZ). For the preliminary, illustrative purposes, we examined data from three subjects. We tested if it is possible to assume linear characteristic impedance and linear compliance for signals measured in humans.
We compared the theoretical pressure-volume loop computed using the model with the loop obtained from measured blood pressure and ΔZ. We found that the slope of the “real” loop is disturbed. The slope becomes linear only in late diastole. Motion artifacts and some disturbing waves distort ΔZ curves. Also, the occurrence of a backward pressure wave may disturb the expected similarity between the two curves. We also checked the slope between estimated wave pressure and blood flow velocity obtained through Doppler ultrasonography (characteristic impedance) and found a nonlinear relationship between them. It can be described by a power function (y = xn). We found that ΔZ curve does not fit well enough to blood pressure trace in the reservoir-wave model. Thus, we concluded that the assumption of using a constant value of compliance is an unjustified simplification. They should be treated as a blood pressure dependent value.
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The study was supported by the research grants provided by the Department of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology.
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Żyliński, M., Wojciechowska, M., Niewiadomski, W., Cybulski, G. (2021). Compliance of a Cardiovascular System Is Non-linear – Influence on the Relation Between Blood Pressure and an Impedance Cardiography in the Reservoir-Wave Model. In: Jarm, T., Cvetkoska, A., Mahnič-Kalamiza, S., Miklavcic, D. (eds) 8th European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference. EMBEC 2020. IFMBE Proceedings, vol 80. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64610-3_32
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