Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic launched in the third decade of the twenty-first century and continued to present time to cause the worst challenges the modern medicine has ever encountered. Medical imaging is an essential part of the universal fight against this pandemic. In the absence of documented treatment and vaccination, early accurate diagnosis of infected patients is the backbone of this pandemic management. This chapter reviews different aspects of medical imaging in the context of COVID-19.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, Tao Q, Sun Z, Xia L (2020) Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology:200642. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200642
American College of R (2020) ACR recommendations for the use of chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) for suspected COVID-19 infection. ACR website Advocacy-and Economics/ACR-Position-Statements/Recommendations-for-Chest-Radiography-and-CTfor-Suspected-COVID19-Infection Updated March 22
Bai HX, Hsieh B, Xiong Z, Halsey K, Choi JW, Tran TML, Pan I, Shi LB, Wang DC, Mei J, Jiang XL, Zeng QH, Egglin TK, Hu PF, Agarwal S, Xie F, Li S, Healey T, Atalay MK, Liao WH (2020a) Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT. Radiology:200823. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200823
Bai K, Liu W, Liu C, Fu Y, Hu J, Qin Y, Zhang Q, Chen H, Xu F, Li C (2020b) Clinical analysis of 25 novel coronavirus infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002740
Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, Yang Y, Fayad ZA, Zhang N, Diao K, Lin B, Zhu X, Li K, Li S, Shan H, Jacobi A, Chung M (2020) Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection. Radiology 295(3):200463. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200463
Borghesi A, Maroldi R (2020) COVID-19 outbreak in Italy: experimental chest X-ray scoring system for quantifying and monitoring disease progression. Radiol Med 125(5):509–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-020-01200-3
Caruso D, Zerunian M, Polici M, Pucciarelli F, Polidori T, Rucci C, Guido G, Bracci B, de Dominicis C, Laghi A (2020) Chest CT Features of COVID-19 in Rome, Italy. Radiology:201237. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201237
Chen H, Ai L, Lu H, Li H (2020a) Clinical and imaging features of COVID-19. Radiol Infect Dis 7:43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrid.2020.04.003
Chen R, Chen J, Meng QT (2020b) Chest computed tomography images of early coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Can J Anaesth 67(6):754–755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01625-4
Cheng Z, Lu Y, Cao Q, Qin L, Pan Z, Yan F, Yang W (2020) Clinical features and chest CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Single-Center Study in Shanghai, China. Am J Roentgenol 215:1–6. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.22959
Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, Cui J, Xu W, Yang Y, Fayad ZA, Jacobi A, Li K, Li S, Shan H (2020) CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology 295(1):202–207. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200230
Colombi D, Bodini FC, Petrini M, Maffi G, Morelli N, Milanese G, Silva M, Sverzellati N, Michieletti E (2020) Well-aerated lung on admitting chest CT to predict adverse outcome in COVID-19 pneumonia. Radiology:201433. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201433
Elshafeey F, Magdi R, Hindi N, Elshebiny M, Farrag N, Mahdy S, Sabbour M, Gebril S, Nasser M, Kamel M, Amir A, Maher Emara M, Nabhan A (2020) A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 150:47. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13182
Fang Y, Zhang H, Xie J, Lin M, Ying L, Pang P, Ji W (2020) Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology:200432. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200432
Fatima S, Ratnani I, Husain M, Surani S (2020) Radiological findings in patients with COVID-19. Cureus 12(4):e7651. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7651
Fu F, Lou J, Xi D, Bai Y, Ma G, Zhao B, Liu D, Bao G, Lei Z, Wang M (2020) Chest computed tomography findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Eur Radiol 30:5489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06920-8
Grillet F, Behr J, Calame P, Aubry S, Delabrousse E (2020) Acute pulmonary embolism associated with COVID-19 pneumonia detected by pulmonary CT angiography. Radiology:201544. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201544
Guan CS, Lv ZB, Yan S, Du YN, Chen H, Wei LG, Xie RM, Chen BD (2020) Imaging features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): evaluation on thin-section CT. Acad Radiol 27(5):609–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.03.002
Han R, Huang L, Jiang H, Dong J, Peng H, Zhang D (2020) Early clinical and CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 215:1–6. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.22961
Hani C, Trieu NH, Saab I, Dangeard S, Bennani S, Chassagnon G, Revel MP (2020) COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis. Diagn Interv Imaging 101(5):263–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2020.03.014
Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Muller NL, Remy J (2008) Fleischner society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology 246(3):697–722. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2462070712
Huang P, Liu T, Huang L, Liu H, Lei M, Xu W, Hu X, Chen J, Liu B (2020) Use of chest CT in combination with negative RT-PCR assay for the 2019 novel coronavirus but high clinical suspicion. Radiology 295(1):22–23. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200330
Ito R, Iwano S, Naganawa S (2020) A review on the use of artificial intelligence for medical imaging of the lungs of patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Diagn Interv Radiol 26:443. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2019.20294
Jacobi A, Chung M, Bernheim A, Eber C (2020) Portable chest X-ray in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Clin Imaging 64:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.04.001
Jajodia A, Ebner L, Heidinger B, CA K, Prosch H (2020) Imaging in corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-a scoping review. Eur J Radiol Open:100237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100237
Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, Fang C, Huang D, Huang LQ, Huang Q, Han Y, Hu B, Hu F, Li BH, Li YR, Liang K, Lin LK, Luo LS, Ma J, Ma LL, Peng ZY, Pan YB, Pan ZY, Ren XQ, Sun HM, Wang Y, Wang YY, Weng H, Wei CJ, Wu DF, Xia J, Xiong Y, Xu HB, Yao XM, Yuan YF, Ye TS, Zhang XC, Zhang YW, Zhang YG, Zhang HM, Zhao Y, Zhao MJ, Zi H, Zeng XT, Wang YY, Wang XH, Management ftZHoWUNC, Research Team E-BMCoCIE, Promotive Association for M, Health C (2020) A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res 7(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
Kandemirli SG, Dogan L, Sarikaya ZT, Kara S, Akinci C, Kaya D, Kaya Y, Yildirim D, Tuzuner F, Yildirim MS, Ozluk E, Gucyetmez B, Karaarslan E, Koyluoglu I, Demirel Kaya HS, Mammadov O, Kisa Ozdemir I, Afsar N, Citci Yalcinkaya B, Rasimoglu S, Guduk DE, Kedir Jima A, Ilksoz A, Ersoz V, Yonca Eren M, Celtik N, Arslan S, Korkmazer B, Dincer SS, Gulek E, Dikmen I, Yazici M, Unsal S, Ljama T, Demirel I, Ayyildiz A, Kesimci I, Bolsoy Deveci S, Tutuncu M, Kizilkilic O, Telci L, Zengin R, Dincer A, Akinci IO, Kocer N (2020) Brain MRI findings in patients in the intensive care unit with COVID-19 infection. Radiology:201697. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201697
Kanne JP, Little BP, Chung JH, Elicker BM, Ketai LH (2020) Essentials for radiologists on COVID-19: an update-radiology scientific expert panel. Radiology:200527. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200527
Kim DJ, Jelic T, Woo MY, Heslop C, Olszynski P (2020) Just the facts: recommendations on point-of-care ultrasound use and machine infection control during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. CJEM 22:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.364
Li M (2020) Chest CT features and their role in COVID-19. Radiol Infect Dis 7:51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrid.2020.04.001
Li Y, Xia L (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol 214(6):1280–1286. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.22954
Li K, Fang Y, Li W, Pan C, Qin P, Zhong Y, Liu X, Huang M, Liao Y, Li S (2020) CT image visual quantitative evaluation and clinical classification of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Eur Radiol 30:4407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06817-6
Liu H, Liu F, Li J, Zhang T, Wang D, Lan W (2020a) Clinical and CT imaging features of the COVID-19 pneumonia: focus on pregnant women and children. J Infect 80(5):e7–e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.007
Liu KC, Xu P, Lv WF, Qiu XH, Yao JL, Gu JF, Wei W (2020b) CT manifestations of coronavirus disease-2019: a retrospective analysis of 73 cases by disease severity. Eur J Radiol 126:108941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108941
Lomoro P, Verde F, Zerboni F, Simonetti I, Borghi C, Fachinetti C, Natalizi A, Martegani A (2020) COVID-19 pneumonia manifestations at the admission on chest ultrasound, radiographs, and CT: single-center study and comprehensive radiologic literature review. Eur J Radiol Open 7:100231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100231
Nair A, Rodrigues JCL, Hare S, Edey A, Devaraj A, Jacob J, Johnstone A, McStay R, Denton E, Robinson G (2020) A British Society of Thoracic Imaging statement: considerations in designing local imaging diagnostic algorithms for the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Radiol 75(5):329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2020.03.008
Oudkerk M, Buller HR, Kuijpers D, van Es N, Oudkerk SF, McLoud TC, Gommers D, van Dissel J, Ten Cate H, van Beek EJ (2020) Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of thromboembolic complications in COVID-19: report of the National Institute for Public Health of the Netherlands. Radiology:201629. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201629
Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, Gui S, Liang B, Li L, Zheng D, Wang J, Hesketh RL, Yang L, Zheng C (2020a) Time course of lung changes at chest CT during recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Radiology 295(3):715–721. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200370
Pan Y, Guan H, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhu T, Hu Q, Xia L (2020b) Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur Radiol 30(6):3306–3309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06731-x
Peng QY, Wang XT, Zhang LN, Chinese Critical Care Ultrasound Study G (2020) Findings of lung ultrasonography of novel corona virus pneumonia during the 2019-2020 epidemic. Intensive Care Med 46(5):849–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05996-6
Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B (2020) COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features. Radiology:201187. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201187
Qin C, Liu F, Yen TC, Lan X (2020) (18)F-FDG PET/CT findings of COVID-19: a series of four highly suspected cases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47(5):1281–1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04734-w
Radmanesh A, Derman A, Lui YW, Raz E, Loh JP, Hagiwara M, Borja MJ, Zan E, Fatterpekar GM (2020a) COVID-19 – associated diffuse leukoencephalopathy and microhemorrhages. Radiology:202040. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202040
Radmanesh A, Raz E, Zan E, Derman A, Kaminetzky M (2020b) Brain imaging use and findings in COVID-19: a single academic center experience in the epicenter of disease in the United States. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 41:1179. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6610
Revel MP, Parkar AP, Prosch H, Silva M, Sverzellati N, Gleeson F, Brady A, European Society of R, the European Society of Thoracic I (2020) COVID-19 patients and the radiology department – advice from the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Society of Thoracic Imaging (ESTI). Eur Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06865-y
Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutierrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Pena R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Franco-Paredes C, Henao-Martinez AF, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Lagos-Grisales GJ, Ramirez-Vallejo E, Suarez JA, Zambrano LI, Villamil-Gomez WE, Balbin-Ramon GJ, Rabaan AA, Harapan H, Dhama K, Nishiura H, Kataoka H, Ahmad T, Sah R, Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease C-REahwlo (2020) Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 34:101623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623
Rubin GD, Ryerson CJ, Haramati LB, Sverzellati N, Kanne JP, Raoof S, Schluger NW, Volpi A, Yim JJ, Martin IBK, Anderson DJ, Kong C, Altes T, Bush A, Desai SR, Goldin J, Goo JM, Humbert M, Inoue Y, Kauczor HU, Luo F, Mazzone PJ, Prokop M, Remy-Jardin M, Richeldi L, Schaefer-Prokop CM, Tomiyama N, Wells AU, Leung AN (2020) The role of chest imaging in patient management during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multinational consensus statement from the Fleischner society. Radiology:201365. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201365
Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review of imaging findings in 919 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 215:1–7. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.23034
Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, Fan Y, Zheng C (2020) Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 20(4):425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4
Simpson S, Kay FU, Abbara S, Bhalla S, Chung JH, Chung M, Henry TS, Kanne JP, Kligerman S, Ko JP, Litt H (2020) Radiological Society of North America Expert Consensus Statement on Reporting Chest CT Findings Related to COVID-19. Endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Radiology, the American College of Radiology, and RSNA. J Thorac Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1097/RTI.0000000000000524
Soldati G, Demi M, Smargiassi A, Inchingolo R, Demi L (2019) The role of ultrasound lung artifacts in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. Expert Rev Respir Med 13(2):163–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2019.1565997
Soldati G, Smargiassi A, Inchingolo R, Buonsenso D, Perrone T, Briganti DF, Perlini S, Torri E, Mariani A, Mossolani EE, Tursi F, Mento F, Demi L (2020) Is there a role for lung ultrasound during the COVID-19 pandemic? J Ultrasound Med 39:1459. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.15284
Song F, Shi N, Shan F, Zhang Z, Shen J, Lu H, Ling Y, Jiang Y, Shi Y (2020) Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology 295(1):210–217. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200274
Steinberger S, Lin B, Bernheim A, Chung M, Gao Y, Xie Z, Zhao T, Xia J, Mei X, Little BP (2020) CT features of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 30 pediatric patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol:1–9. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.23145
Tang X, Du RH, Wang R, Cao TZ, Guan LL, Yang CQ, Zhu Q, Hu M, Li XY, Li Y, Liang LR, Tong ZH, Sun B, Peng P, Shi HZ (2020) Comparison of hospitalized patients with ARDS caused by COVID-19 and H1N1. Chest. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.032
Ufuk F, Savas R (2020) Chest CT features of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Turk J Med Sci 50:664. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2004-331
Wang J, Xu Z, Wang J, Feng R, An Y, Ao W, Gao Y, Wang X, Xie Z (2020a) CT characteristics of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus: association with clinical type. Clin Radiol 75(6):408–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2020.04.001
Wang K, Kang S, Tian R, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang Y (2020b) Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area. Clin Radiol 75(5):341–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2020.03.004
Wong HYF, Lam HYS, Fong AH, Leung ST, Chin TW, Lo CSY, Lui MM, Lee JCY, Chiu KW, Chung T, Lee EYP, Wan EYF, Hung FNI, Lam TPW, Kuo M, Ng MY (2019) Frequency and distribution of chest radiographic findings in COVID-19 positive patients. Radiology:201160. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201160
Wu J, Wu X, Zeng W, Guo D, Fang Z, Chen L, Huang H, Li C (2020a) Chest CT findings in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and its relationship with clinical features. Investig Radiol 55(5):257–261. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000670
Wu X, Sun R, Chen J, Xie Y, Zhang S, Wang X (2020b) Radiological findings and clinical characteristics of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 150:58. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13165
Xie X, Zhong Z, Zhao W, Zheng C, Wang F, Liu J (2020) Chest CT for typical 2019-nCoV pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing. Radiology:200343. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200343
Xiong Y, Sun D, Liu Y, Fan Y, Zhao L, Li X, Zhu W (2020) Clinical and high-resolution CT features of the COVID-19 infection: comparison of the initial and follow-up changes. Investig Radiol 55(6):332–339. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000674
Xu X, Yu C, Qu J, Zhang L, Jiang S, Huang D, Chen B, Zhang Z, Guan W, Ling Z, Jiang R, Hu T, Ding Y, Lin L, Gan Q, Luo L, Tang X, Liu J (2020a) Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47(5):1275–1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04735-9
Xu YH, Dong JH, An WM, Lv XY, Yin XP, Zhang JZ, Dong L, Ma X, Zhang HJ, Gao BL (2020b) Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 80(4):394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017
Xu Z, Pan A, Zhou H (2020c) Rare CT feature in a COVID-19 patient: cavitation. Diagn Interv Radiol 26:380. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2020.20181
Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhu L, Tai Y, Bai C, Gao T, Song J, Xia P, Dong J, Zhao J, Wang FS (2020d) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 8(4):420–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
Yang W, Cao Q, Qin L, Wang X, Cheng Z, Pan A, Dai J, Sun Q, Zhao F, Qu J, Yan F (2020) Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19):a multi-center study in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang, China. J Infect 80(4):388–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.016
Ye Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang Z, Song B (2020) Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Eur Radiol 30:4381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06801-0
Yoon SH, Lee KH, Kim JY, Lee YK, Ko H, Kim KH, Park CM, Kim YH (2020) Chest radiographic and CT findings of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): analysis of nine patients treated in Korea. Korean J Radiol 21(4):494–500. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.0132
Zhang R, Ouyang H, Fu L, Wang S, Han J, Huang K, Jia M, Song Q, Fu Z (2020) CT features of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia according to clinical presentation: a retrospective analysis of 120 consecutive patients from Wuhan city. Eur Radiol 30:4417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06854-1
Zhao W, Zhong Z, Xie X, Yu Q, Liu J (2020) Relation between chest CT findings and clinical conditions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: a Multicenter study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 214(5):1072–1077. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.22976
Zhou S, Wang Y, Zhu T, Xia L (2020) CT features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in 62 patients in Wuhan, China. AJR Am J Roentgenol 214(6):1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.22975
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sotoudeh, H., Gity, M. (2021). The Role of Medical Imaging in COVID-19. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1318. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-63760-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-63761-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)