Abstract
Modern ideas regarding the three-dimensional organization of the genome and its role in controlling gene expression are largely based on the results of research performed using the proximity ligation protocol. It has been demonstrated that genome folding is much less regular than was previously assumed. On the other hand, the genome was found partitioned into semi-independent structural-functional units commonly referred to as topologically associating domains (TADs). TAD borders restrict the areas of enhancer action via interfering with establishment of long-distance enhancer-promoter contacts. Within TADs, spatial juxtaposing of promoters to various enhancers or silencers results in the assembly of activating or repressing chromatin hubs that constitute an important part of epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression in higher eukaryotes. Within the cell nucleus, the spatial organization of the genome is tightly connected with functional compartmentalization of the nucleus. Recent evidence suggests that liquid phase separation plays an important role in establishing both the 3D genome organization and nuclear compartmentalization. In this chapter, we review the present state and outline the most important trends for future research in the area of 3D genomics.
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This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 19-14-00016) and by the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University «Molecular Technologies of the Living Systems and Synthetic Biology».
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Razin, S.V., Gavrilov, A.A., Ulianov, S.V. (2020). Eukaryotic Genome in Three Dimensions. In: Iourov, I., Vorsanova, S., Yurov, Y. (eds) Human Interphase Chromosomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62532-0_2
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