Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common cancer, including rectal cancer. Therefore, colon cancer is associated with a significant proportion of cancer-related deaths. Because colon cancer treatment differs from rectal cancer treatment, they are examined under separate categories. Symptoms usually vary depending on the localization and stage of the disease. It is usually not uncommon for colon cancer to become symptomatic after disease progression. For disease symptoms to occur, stenosis in the lumen or obvious or occult bleeding should develop. Particularly tumors located proximally can become very large, manifesting with anemia due to occult bleeding. Left-sided tumors can manifest with signs of stenosis or obstruction. The main treatment approach is curative surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Curative surgery should be the aim even for diseases at advanced stages. Adequate lymphadenectomy should be performed, too, in combination with resection. While the classical surgical approach is open surgery, laparoscopic interventions have become commonly used methods in colon cancer surgery all over the world for the last 20 years. Resection in compliance with oncological principles contributes significantly to disease-free survival regardless of whether open surgery or laparoscopy is performed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, Higashiguchi T, Hübner M, Klek S, et al. ESPEN guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr. 2017;36:623–50.
Kumpf VJ, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Diaz-Pizarro Graf JI, Hall AM, McKeever L, Steiger E, et al. ASPEN-FELANPE Clinical Guidelines. Nutrition support of adult patients with enterocutaneous fistula. J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2017;41:104–12.
Burt R. Inheritance of colorectal cancer. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2007;4:293–300.
Becerra AZ, Probst CP, Tejani MA, Aquina CT, Gonzalez MG, Hensley BJ, et al. Evaluating the prognostic role of elevated preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels in colon cancer patients: result from national cancer database. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:1554–61.
Thiels CA, Naik ND, Bergquist JR, Spindler BA, Habermann EB, Kelley SR, et al. Survival following synchronous colon cancer resection. J Surg Oncol. 2016;114:80–5.
Bick BL, Vemulapalli KC, Rex DK. Regional center for complex colonoscopy: yield of neoplasia in patients with prior incomplete colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83:1239–44.
Amri R, Bordeianou LG, Sylla P, Berger DL. Association of radial margin positivity with colon cancer. JAMA Surg. 2015;150:890–8.
Khan MA, Hakeem AR, Scott N, Saunders RN. Significance of R1 resection margin in colon cancer resections in the modern era. Color Dis. 2015;17:943–53.
Young H, Knepper B, Moore EE, Johnson JL, Mehler P, Price CS. Surgical site infection after colon surgery: National Healthcare Safety Network risk factors and modeled rates compared with published risk factors and rates. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;214:852–9.
Zhu QD, Zhang QY, Zeng QQ, Yu ZP, Tao CL, Yang WJ. Efficacy of mechanical bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol in prevention of postoperative complication in elective colorectal surgery: a meta analysis. Int J Color Dis. 2010;25:267–75.
Cao F, Li J, Li F. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Color Dis. 2012;27:803–10.
Güenaga KF, Matos D, Wille-Jorgenson P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(9):CD001544. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.
Midura EF, Jung AD, Hanseman DJ, Dhar V, Shah SA, Rafferty JF, et al. Combination oral and mechanical bowel preparations decreases complications in both right and left colectomy. Surgery. 2018;163:528–34.
Chen M, Song X, Chen LZ, Lin ZD, Zhang XL. Comparing mechanical bowel preparation with both oral and systemic antibiotics versus mechanical bowel preparation and systemic antibiotics alone for the prevention of surgical site infection after elective colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59:70–8.
WHO. Global guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. http://www.who.int/gpsc/global-guidelines-web.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 9 November 2016.
Toh JWT, Phan K, Hitos K, Pathma-Nathan N, El-Khoury T, Richardson AJ, et al. Association of mechanical bowel preparation and oral antibiotics before elective colorectal surgery with surgical site infection: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1:e183226. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3226.
Migaly J, Bafford AC, Francone TD, Gaertner WB, Eskicioglu C, Bordeianou L, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the use of bowel preparation in elective colon and rectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62:3–8.
Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, Karanicolas PJ, Arcelus JI, Heit JA, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:1369.
Pannucci CJ, Shanks A, Moote MJ, Bahl V, Cederna PS, Naughton NN, et al. Identifying patients at high risk for venous thromboembolism requiring treatment after outpatient surgery. Ann Surg. 2012;255:1093–9.
Squizzato A, Romualdi E, Dentali F, Ageno W. The new oral anticoagulants, do they change the benefit vs. risk for thromboprophylaxis in association to ambulatory surgery? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23:722–5.
Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A, Couture J, Fleshman J, Guillem J, et al. Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:583–96.
Hashiguchi Y, Hase K, Ueno H, Mochizuki H, Shinto E, Yamamoto J. Optimal margins and lymphadenectomy in colonic cancer surgery. Br J Surg. 2011;98:1171–8.
Rørvig S, Schlesinger N, Mårtensson NL, Engel S, Engel U, Holck S. Is the longitudinal margin of carcinoma-bearing colon resections a neglected parameter? Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2014;13:68–72.
Chang GJ, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Skibber JM, Moyer VA. Lymph node evaluation and survival after curative resection of colon cancer: systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:433.
Migaly J, Bafford AC, Francone TD, Gaertner WB, Eskicioglu C, Bordeianou L, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the use of bowel preparation in elective colon and rectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62:3–8.
Jacobs M, Veredeja JC, Goldstein HS. Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy). Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1991;1:144–50.
Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery--the clue to pelvic recurrence? Br J Surg. 1982;69:613–6.
Hohenberger W, Weber K, Matzel K, Papadopoulos T, Merkel S. Standardized surgery for colonic cancer: complete mesocolic excision and central ligation--technical notes and outcome. Color Dis. 2009;11:354–64.
Peltrini R, Luglio G, Pagano G, Sacco M, Sollazzo V, Bucci L. Gastrocolic trunk of Henle and its variants: review of the literature and clinical relevance in colectomy for right-sided colon cancer. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41:879–87.
Schiedeck THK, Matzel KE. Colon cancer. In: Herold A, Lehur P-A, Matzel KE, O’Connell PR, editors. Coloproctology. Berlin: Springer; 2017. p. 288–301.
Mutch MG. The surgical management of colon cancer. In: Steele SR, Hull TL, ThE R, Saclarides TJ, Senagore AJ, Whitlow CB, editors. The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery. New York, NY: Springer; 2016. p. 443–70.
Strey CW, Wullstein C, Adamina M, Agha A, Aselmann H, Becker T, et al. Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with CME: standardization using the “critical view” concept. Surg Endosc. 2018;32:5021–30.
Deo SV, Puntambekar SP. Laparoscopic right radical hemicolectomy. J Minim Access Surg. 2012;8:21–4.
Keighley MRB, Williams NS. Colorectal cancer: epidemiology, aetiology, pathology, staging, clinical features, diagnosis and screening. In: Keighley MRB, Williams NS, editors. Surgery of the anus, rectum & colon. London: WB Saunders Company; 1999. p. 998–1061.
Gordon PH. Malignant neoplasms of the colon. In: Gordon PH, Nivatvongs S, editors. Principles and practice of surgery for the colon, rectum, and anus. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA Inc.; 2007. p. 489–643.
Corman ML. Carcinoma of the Colon. In: Corman ML, editor. Colon & rectal surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 767–903.
Bacon HE, Smith CH. The arterial supply of the distal colon pertinent to abdominoperineal proctosigmoidectomy, with preservation of the sphincter mechanism. Ann Surg. 1948;127:28–33.
Hüscher CGS, Lirici MM, Marks JH, Dapri G, Ancona E. Laparoscopic left colectomy: modern technique based on key anatomical landmarks reported by giants of the past. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2019;16:1–11.
Huscher C. Epublication http://www.WebSurg.com. 2017. http://websurg.com/doi/lt03en11947. Accessed 17 June 2017.
Nelson H, Sargent DJ, Wieand HS, Fleshman J, Anvari M, Stryker SJ, et al. A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2050–9.
Veldkamp R, Kuhry E, Hop WC, Jeekel J, Kazemier G, Bonjer HJ, et al. COlon cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection Study Group (COLOR). Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:477–84.
Guillou PJ, Quirke P, Thorpe H, Walker J, Jayne DG, Smith AM, et al. MRC CLASICC trial group Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1718–26.
Lourenco T, Murray A, Grant A, McKinley A, Krukowski Z, Vale L. Laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer: safe and effective? - a systematic review. Surg Endosc. 2008;22:1146–60.
Fleshman J, Sargent DJ, Green E, Anvari M, Stryker SJ, Beart RW Jr, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group. Laparoscopic colectomy for cancer is not inferior to open surgery based on 5-year data from the COST Study Group trial. Ann Surg. 2007;246:655–62.
McCombie AM, Frizelle F, Bagshaw PF, Frampton CM, Hewett PJ, McMurrick PJ, et al. ALCCaS Trial group. The ALCCaS trial: a randomized controlled trial comparing quality of life following laparoscopic versus open colectomy for colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018;61:1156–62.
Bonjer HJ, Hop WC, Nelson H, Sargent DJ, Lacy AM, Castells A, et al. Transatlantic Laparoscopically Assisted vs Open Colectomy Trials Study Group. Laparoscopically assisted vs open colectomy for colon cancer: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2007;142:298–303.
Jackson TD, Kaplan GG, Arena G, Page JH, Rogers SO Jr. Laparoscopic versus open resection for colorectal cancer: a metaanalysis of oncologic outcomes. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:439–46.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yoldas, T., Yilmaz, E.M., Karacan, E. (2021). Surgical Treatment of Colon Cancer (Open and Laparoscopic Surgery). In: Engin, O. (eds) Colon Polyps and Colorectal Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57273-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57273-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57272-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-57273-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)