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Liver

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Pediatric Ultrasound

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Abstract

A wide spectrum of disorders can affect the pediatric liver. This chapter will focus on the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of pediatric hepatic disorders, including a review of transducer selection and imaging techniques, liver development and anatomy, and an overview of the most clinically relevant anatomical variants, congenital anomalies, as well as benign and malignant hepatic disorders encountered in daily practice. Ultrasound imaging of liver transplantation is also discussed.

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Abbreviations

2D SWE:

Two-dimensional shear-wave elastography

ADPKD:

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

AFP:

Alpha-fetoprotein

AML:

Acute myeloid leukemia

ARFI:

Acoustic radiation force impulse

BCS:

Budd–Chiari syndrome

CEUS:

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound

CH:

Congenital hemangioma

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

CT:

Computed tomography

CVP:

Central venous pressure

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

EBV:

Epstein–Barr virus

e-FAST:

Extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma

EHE:

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma

ERCP:

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

FALD:

Fontan-associated liver disease

FDG:

Fluorodeoxyglucose

FLHCC:

Fibrolamellar variant of HCC

FNH:

Focal nodular hyperplasia

GLUT-1:

Glucose transporter protein-1

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HIDA:

Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HMH:

Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma

HSCT:

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

HU:

Hounsfield unit

IHH:

Infantile hepatic hemangioma

IVC:

Inferior vena cava

IQR:

Interquartile range

MRCP:

MR cholangiopancreatography

MRE:

MR elastography

MR:

Magnetic resonance

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NASH:

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

NHL:

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

NICH:

Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PHL:

Primary hepatic lymphoma

PICH:

Partially involuting congenital hemangioma

PLD:

Polycystic liver disease

PRETEXT:

Pretreatment extent of tumor

pSWE:

Point shear-wave elastography

PTLD:

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder

RI:

Resistive index

RICH:

Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma

ROI:

Region of interest

SHL:

Secondary hepatic lymphoma

SOS:

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome

TACE:

Transarterial chemoembolization

TE:

Transient elastography

TE:

Echo time

TIPS:

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

TPN:

Total parenteral nutrition

UES:

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma

UVC:

Umbilical vein catheter

VOD:

Veno-occlusive disease

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Children’s Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Jeannie K. Kwon & Elisabeth P. Moredock

  2. Department of Radiology, Pediatric Radiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Children’s Health Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Maddy Artunduaga

  3. Medical Center Radiology Group, Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA

    Javier D. Gonzalez

  4. Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Alexandra M. Foust

  5. Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey

    Süreyya Burcu Görkem

  6. Division of Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Harriet J. Paltiel

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  1. Jeannie K. Kwon
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  2. Maddy Artunduaga
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  3. Javier D. Gonzalez
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  4. Alexandra M. Foust
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  5. Elisabeth P. Moredock
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  6. Süreyya Burcu Görkem
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  7. Harriet J. Paltiel
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Correspondence to Jeannie K. Kwon .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Harriet J. Paltiel

  2. Division of Thoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Edward Y. Lee

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Kwon, J.K. et al. (2021). Liver. In: Paltiel, H.J., Lee, E.Y. (eds) Pediatric Ultrasound. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56802-3_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56802-3_11

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