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Agricultural Waste-Derived Adsorbents for Decontamination of Heavy Metals

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Integrated Natural Resources Management

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 20))

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Abstract

The growing concerns on the environment in recent years have influenced the usage of renewable sources as alternative materials to create a platform for the development of new technology with possible economic potential. Adsorbents derived from agricultural wastes have hidden economic values which could be benefited by transforming the agricultural wastes into valuable and useful products. Numerous agricultural wastes such as skins/peels, cores, pits, leaves, brunches, and pericarp are being produced in plantation and processing industries. The agricultural wastes have exhibited the potential usage as an adsorbent to remove contaminants from water environment which conserve the natural environment and resources mainly in the ecology system sustainably, for the reason that this utilization converts the agricultural wastes into value-added product and at the same time decontaminate polluted water source. This application on the utilization of agricultural wastes is not only good for a sustainable environment but is also suitable for rural economic development, meaning possible increases in profit for farmers and the agricultural industry. This chapter provides insight on some findings on heavy metal removal by adsorbents produced from agricultural wastes. The chapter also discusses the situation of the heavy metals in the environment, parameters affecting the adsorption process of the heavy metals, kinetic models, and adsorption isotherms that are associated with the agricultural waste-derived adsorbents. The development of the adsorbents from agricultural waste biomass and the prospect of developing hybrid adsorbent and magnetic adsorbent have attracted many researchers worldwide in performing research work on the application to water and wastewater treatment.

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Abbreviations

α :

Initial adsorption rate in mg/g·min unit

β :

Desorption constant in g/mg unit

É› :

Polanyi potential

Al:

Aluminium

As:

Arsenic

As(III):

Arsenite

As(V):

Arsenate

B(II):

Boron(II) cation

Cd:

Cadmium

Cd(II), Cd2+:

Cadmium(II) cation

Cd(OH)+:

Cadmium hydroxide ion in its +1 oxidation state

C 0 :

Initial concentration of the solution in mg/L unit

C c :

Equilibrium concentration in mg/L unit

C i :

Initial concentration in mg/L unit

Co:

Cobalt

Co(II):

Cobalt (II) ion

Co-Fe-MBC:

Cobalt-iron-magnetic biochar

Co(NO3)2:

Cobaltous nitrate

Cu:

Copper

Cu(II) :

Copper (II) cation

Cr:

Chromium

Cr(III):

Chromium (III)

Cr(VI):

Hexavalent chromium

CrO42−:

Chromium oxoanion

Cr2O72−:

Dichromate ion

Cs(I):

Caesium(I) ion

DALYs:

Disability-Adjusted Life Years

E :

Mean free energy in (kJ/mol) unit

Fe:

Iron

Fe(III):

Element iron in its +3 oxidation state

FeCl3:

Iron(III) chloride

FeCl3.6H2O:

Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate

Fe-MBC:

Iron-magnetic biochar

H+:

A cationic form of atomic hydrogen

Hg:

Mercury

Hg(II):

Mercury(II) cation

HCrO4−:

Hydrogen chromate ion

k 1 :

Rate constant in min−1 unit

k 2 :

Rate constant in g/mg·min unit

K F :

Freundlich isotherm constant in (mg1–1/nL1/ng−1) unit

K L :

Langmuir isotherm constant in L/mg unit

K DR :

Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm constant in (mol2/kJ2) unit

MnFe2O4:

Manganese ferrite

MnSO4.H2O:

Manganese sulphate monohydrate

n :

Adsorption intensity

1/n:

Linearity degree of the relationship between the solution concentration and adsorption capacity

Ni:

Nickel

Ni(II):

Nickel (II) ion

NiCl2:

Nickel(II) chloride

OH−:

Hydroxide, a diatomic anion

Pb:

Lead

Pb(II):

Lead(II) ion

qe, Qe:

Equilibrium adsorption capacity in mg/g unit

Q m :

Maximum adsorption capacity in mg/g unit

q t :

Adsorption capacity at time t in mg/g unit

R:

Universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K)

Se(IV):

Selenium(IV) ion

t :

Time in min unit

T :

Temperature in K unit

U(VI):

Uranyl ion

V(V):

Vanadium(V) ion

WHO:

World Health Organization

Zn:

Zinc

Zn(II):

Zinc ion

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Soh-Fong Lim & S. N. David Chua

  2. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Siti Kartina Abdul Karim

  3. Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsuan, Malaysia, Bangl, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Bee-Huah Lim

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  3. S. N. David Chua
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  4. Bee-Huah Lim
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Correspondence to Soh-Fong Lim .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA and Newtonville, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA and Newtonville, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology and Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA and Newtonville, NY, USA

    Nazih K. Shammas

Glossary

Glossary

Adsorbent :

A material which will allow a liquid, gas, or dissolved solid to adhere to its surface.

Adsorption :

A process by which a solid holds molecules of a gas or liquid or solute as a thin film.

Adsorption capacity :

The amount of adsorbate taken up by the adsorbent per unit mass (or volume) of the adsorbent.

Agricultural wastes :

Unwanted or unsalable materials produced wholly from agricultural operations directly related to the growing of crops or raising of animals for the primary purpose of making a profit or for a livelihood.

Anionic :

A negatively charged ion, as one attracted to the anode in electrolysis. Any negatively charged atom or group of atoms.

Aquatic ecosystem :

A group of interacting organisms which are dependent on one another and their water environment for nutrients and shelter.

Biochar :

A charcoal-like substance that is made by burning organic material from agricultural and forestry wastes (also called biomass) in a controlled process called pyrolysis.

Biomass :

Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and it is a renewable source of energy. Biomass contains stored energy from the sun.

Cationic :

A positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode in electrolysis. Any positively charged atom or group of atoms.

Cellulose :

A natural linear polymer (polysaccharide) with a molecular repeat unit comprised of a pair of d-anhydroglucose ring units joined by β-1 → 4 glycosidic oxygen linkages around which the molecular chain can bend and twist.

Chemical precipitation :

Formation of a separable solid substance from a solution, either by converting the substance into an insoluble form or by changing the composition of the solvent to diminish the solubility of the substance in it.

Coagulation :

A process for combining small particles into larger aggregates (flocs). A chemical water treatment technique typically applied prior to sedimentation and filtration.

Carbonization :

A process by which solid residues with increasing content of the element carbon are formed from organic material usually by pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere.

Ecosystem :

A geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.

Electrochemical treatment :

Uses electrolysis and fuel cell technology to treat water and wastewater such as electrocoagulation/ electro-flotation, electrodialysis, electro-reduction, sono-electrolysis, and electro-oxidation.

Filtration :

A process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the latter to pass through the pores of some substance (filter).

Heavy metals :

Metallic cation and anion that have relatively high density and toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.

Hemicellulose :

The second most abundant chemical constituent of woody and grassy biomass and is present along with cellulose in almost all terrestrial plant cell walls. Also known as polyose.

Human health :

A complete state of physical, psychological, and social wellbeing of individuals.

Ion exchange :

A reversible chemical reaction where dissolved ions are removed from the solution and replaced with other ions of the same or similar electrical charge.

Kinetics :

The study of reaction rates. The branch of mechanics that deals with the actions of forces in producing or changing the motion of masses.

Lignin :

An irregular polyphenolic polymer which is synthesized by dehydrogenative polymerization of phenyl propanoid units, namely, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and coumaryl alcohol, which corresponds to guaiacyl (G), syringyl (S), and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) structures of lignin, respectively.

Physicochemical :

Pertaining both physical and chemical properties, changes, and reactions of or according to physical chemistry.

Selectivity :

The discrimination demonstrated by a reagent in competitive attack on two or more substrates or on two or more positions in the same substrate. It is quantitatively formulated by ratios of rate constants of the competing reactions or by the logarithms of these ratios.

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Lim, SF., Karim, S.K.A., Chua, S.N.D., Lim, BH. (2021). Agricultural Waste-Derived Adsorbents for Decontamination of Heavy Metals. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S., Hung, YT., Shammas, N.K. (eds) Integrated Natural Resources Management. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55172-8_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55172-8_9

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