Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are essential for the survival, growth and development of ruminant conceptuses. Most of the dietary AAs (including L-arginine, L-lysine, L-methionine and L-glutamine) are extensively catabolized by the ruminal microbes of ruminants to synthesize AAs and microbial proteins (the major source of AAs utilized by cells in ruminant species) in the presence of sufficient carbohydrates (mainly cellulose and hemicellulose), nitrogen, and sulfur. Results of recent studies indicate that the ruminal microbes of adult steers and sheep do not degrade extracellular L-citrulline and have a limited ability to metabolize extracellular L-glutamate due to little or no uptake by the cells. Although traditional research in ruminant protein nutrition has focused on AAs (e.g., lysine and methionine for lactating cows) that are not synthesized by eukaryotic cells, there is growing interest in the nutritional and physiological roles of AAs (e.g., L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-glutamine and L-glutamate) in gestating ruminants (e.g., cattle, sheep and goats) and lactating dairy cows. Results of recent studies show that intravenous administration of L-arginine to underfed, overweight or prolific ewes enhances fetal growth, theĀ development of brown fat in fetuses, and theĀ survival of neonatal lambs. Likewise, dietary supplementation with either rumen-protected L-arginine or unprotected L-citrulline to gestating sheep or beef cattle improved embryonic survival. Because dietary L-citrulline and L-glutamate are not degraded by ruminal microbes, addition of these two amino acids may be a new useful, cost-effective method for improving the reproductive efficiency of ruminants.
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Abbreviations
- AA:
-
amino acid
- DAPA:
-
2,6-diaminopimelic acid
- DDG:
-
dried distillers grain
- DIP:
-
digested intake protein
- EAA:
-
nutritionally essential amino acid
- GnRH:
-
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- IUGR:
-
intrauterine growth restriction
- NEAA:
-
nutritionally nonessential amino acid
- NO:
-
nitric oxide
- NPN:
-
non-protein nitrogen
- RPAA:
-
rumen-protected amino acid
- RUAA:
-
rumen-unprotected amino acid
- RUP:
-
ruminally undegraded protein
- UIP:
-
undegraded intake protein
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Beef Program and the Department of Animal Science Mini-Grant Program. We thank Wenliang He for assistance in the preparation of figures, as well as our colleagues, research assistants, and students for helpĀ and discussions.
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Gilbreath, K.R., Bazer, F.W., Satterfield, M.C., Wu, G. (2021). Amino Acid Nutrition and Reproductive Performance in Ruminants. In: Wu, G. (eds) Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1285. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_4
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