Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dogs and Their Role in the Eco-epidemiology of Chagas Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dog Parasites Endangering Human Health

Part of the book series: Parasitology Research Monographs ((Parasitology Res. Monogr.,volume 13))

Abstract

Chagas disease, caused by infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important disease of humans and dogs in the Americas. Here, we review aspects of canine Chagas disease with emphasis on its diagnosis, eco-epidemiology, transmission and control, and the role of dogs as a risk factor for human infection and sentinel animals. Dogs may become infected through multiple routes mediated by triatomine bugs, including consumption of mammal preys; maintain T. cruzi in the absence of any other host species (a primary reservoir host); provide a bridge between sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic transmission cycles, and increase bug population size. Dog blood meals were reported in ≥31 triatomine species collected in domestic and/or peridomestic habitats. A systematic search including 309 published reports showed that the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in dogs typically varied from 10 to 30% across the Americas, and sometimes exceeded 50%. Serological cross-reactivity with other potentially co-endemic trypanosomatids supports the use of more specific methods for confirmation. Xenodiagnosis-based assessments showed that the mean infectiousness of T. cruzi-seropositive dogs to seropositive humans differed by 4–10×. Mathematical modeling supports that dogs amplify domestic parasite transmission. House residual spraying with pyrethroid insecticides provided high levels of protection to both humans and dogs in endemic areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acosta N, López E, Lewis MD et al (2017) Hosts and vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in the Chagas disease endemic region of the Paraguayan Chaco. Parasitology 144:884–898

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amelotti I, Catalá SS, Gorla DE (2012) Effects of fipronil on dogs over Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas disease. Parasitol Res 111:1457–1462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-2979-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RM, May R (1991) Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 757

    Google Scholar 

  • Araujo FMG, Bahia MT, Magalhaes NM et al (2002) Follow-up of experimental chronic Chagas disease in dogs: use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compared with parasitological and serological methods. Acta Trop 81:21–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Araújo-Neto VT, Medeiros Honorato NR, Oliveira Santana R et al (2019) Trypanosoma cruzi circulating among dogs and triatomines in the endemic countryside of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Acta Trop 200:105067

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa-Silva AN, da Câmara ACJ, Martins K, Nunes DF, de Oliveira PIC, de Azevedo PRM, Chiari E, da Cunha Galvão LM (2016) Characteristics of Triatomine infestation and natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 49(1):57–67

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr SC (2009) Canine Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis) in North America. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 39:1055–1064, v–vi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.06.004

  • Barrett TV, Hoff RH, Mott KE et al (1980) Epidemiological aspects of three Trypanosoma cruzi zymodemes in Bahia State, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(80)90016-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barros JHS, Almeida ABPF, Figueiredo FB et al (2012) Occurrence of Trypanosoma caninum in areas overlapping with leishmaniasis in Brazil: what is the real impact of canine leishmaniasis control? Trans R SocTrop Med Hyg 106:419–423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basombrío MA, Segura MA, Mora MC et al (1993) Field trial of vaccination against American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease) in dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:143–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basso B, Castro I, Introini V et al (2007) Vaccination with Trypanosoma rangeli reduces the infectiousness of dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Vaccine 25:3855–3858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Begon M (2008) Effects of host diversity on disease dynamics. In: Ostfeld RS, Keesing F, Eviner ET (eds) Infectious disease ecology. Effects of ecosystems on disease and of disease on ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 12–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Belisário CJ, Pessoa GC, Silva EM et al (2017) Genetic characterization of residual Triatoma infestans populations from Brazil by microsatellites. Genetica 145:105–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-017-9949-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brenière SF, Pietrokovsky S, Gastélum EM et al (2004) Feeding patterns of Triatoma longipennis Usinger (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) in peridomestic habitats of a rural community in Jalisco state, Mexico. J Med Entomol 41:1015–1020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brenière SF, Waleckx E, Barnabé C (2016) Over six thousand Trypanosoma cruzi strains classified into discrete typing units (DTUs): attempt at an inventory. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10:e0004792

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante DM, de Urioste-Stone SM, Cruz JG et al (2014) Ecological, social and biological risk factors for continued Trypanosoma cruzi transmission by Triatoma dimidiata in Guatemala. PLoS One 9:e104599

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cantillo-Barraza O, Garcés E, Gómez-Palacio A et al (2015) Eco-epidemiological study of an endemic Chagas disease region in northern Colombia reveals the importance of Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), dogs and Didelphis marsupialis in Trypanosoma cruzi maintenance. Parasit Vectors 8:482

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinal MV, Castañera MB, Lauricella MA et al (2006a) A prospective study of the effects of sustained vector surveillance following community-wide insecticide application on Trypanosoma cruzi infection of dogs and cats in rural northwestern Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75:753–761

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinal MV, Reithinger R, Gürtler RE (2006b) Use of an immunochromatographic dipstick test for rapid detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in sera from animal reservoir hosts. J Clin Microbiol 44:3005–3007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinal MV, Lauricella MA, Marcet PL et al (2007) Impact of community-based vector control on house infestation and Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma infestans, dogs and cats in the Argentine Chaco. Acta Trop 103:201–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinal MV, Lauricella MA, Ceballos LA et al (2008) Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina. Int J Parasitol 38:1533–1543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.04.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinal MV, Orozco MM, Enriquez GF et al (2014) Heterogeneities in the eco-epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural communities of the Argentinean Chaco. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90:1063–1073

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carlier Y, Truyens C (2017) Maternal-fetal transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. In: Telleria J, Tibayrenc M (eds) American Trypanosomiasis Chagas disease: one hundred years of research, 2nd edn. Elsevier, London, pp 517–559

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco HJ, Torrellas A, García C et al (2005) Risk of Trypanosoma cruzi I (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) transmission by Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Caracas (metropolitan district) and neighboring states, Venezuela. Int J Parasitol 35:1379–1384

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castañera MB (1999) Contribución de los perros a la transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi en un área rural de Argentina: demografía, rol centinela y modelado matemático. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 215 p, vol, 2, pp 33–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Castañera MB, Lauricella MA, Chuit R et al (1998) Evaluation of dogs as sentinels of the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of north-western Argentina. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92:671–683

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo-Neyra R, Chu LC, Quispe-Machaca V et al (2015) The potential of canine sentinels for reemerging Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Prev Vet Med 120:349–356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos LA, Cardinal MV, Vazquez-Prokopec GM et al (2006) Long-term reduction of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in sylvatic mammals following deforestation and sustained vector surveillance in northwestern Argentina. Acta Trop 98:286–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cecere MC, Gürtler RE, Canale DM et al (1998) Factors limiting the domiciliary density of Triatoma infestans, vector of Chagas’ disease, in north-west Argentina: a longitudinal study. Bull World Health Organ 76:373–384

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cecere MC, Leporace M, Fernández MP et al (2016) Host-feeding sources and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of Triatoma infestans and Triatoma eratyrusiformis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) from the Calchaqui Valleys in Northwestern Argentina. J Med Entomol 53:666–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman MD, Baggaley RC, Godfrey-Fausset PF et al (1984) Trypanosoma cruzi from the Paraguayan Chaco: isoenzyme profiles of strains isolated at Makthlawaiya. J Protozool 31:482–486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JE, Gürtler RE (2001) Modeling household transmission of American trypanosomiasis. Science 293:694–698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crisante G, Rojas A, Teixeira MMG et al (2006) Infected dogs as a risk factor in the transmission of human Trypanosoma cruzi infection in western Venezuela. Acta Trop 98:247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.05.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz-Chan JV, Bolio-González M, Colín-Flores R (2009) Immunopathology of natural infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs. Vet Parasitol 162:151–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.024

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cucunubá ZM, Nouvellet P, Conteh L et al (2017) Modelling historical changes in the force-of-infection of Chagas disease to inform control and elimination programmes: application in Colombia. BMJ Glob Health 2:e000345

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cunha ELA, Vieira da Silva Torchelsen FK, Cunha LM et al (2019) Benznidazole, itraconazole and their combination in the treatment of acute experimental Chagas disease in dogs. Exp Parasitol 204:107711

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis-Robles R, Lewis BC, Hamer SA (2016) High Trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence associated with minimal cardiac pathology among wild carnivores in Central Texas. Int J Parasitol Parasit Wildl 5:117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.04.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis-Robles R, Zecca IB, Roman-Cruz V et al (2017a) Trypanosoma cruzi (agent of Chagas disease) in sympatric human and dog populations in “Colonias” of the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96:805–814

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis-Robles R, Snowden KF, Dominguez B et al (2017b) Epidemiology and molecular typing of Trypanosoma cruzi in naturally-infected hound dogs and associated triatomine vectors in Texas, USA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11:e0005298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005298

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis-Robles R, Meyers AC, Auckland LA et al (2018) Parasitic interactions among Trypanosoma cruzi, triatomine vectors, domestic animals, and wildlife in Big Bend National Park along the Texas-Mexico border. Acta Trop 188:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Urioste-Stone SM, Pennington PM, Pellecer E et al (2015) Development of a community-based intervention for the control of Chagas disease based on peridomestic animal management: an eco-bio-social perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 109:159–167

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desquesnes M (2017) Veterinary aspects. In: Telleria J, Tibayrenc M (eds) American Trypanosomiasis Chagas disease: one hundred years of research, 2nd edn. Elsevier, London, pp 283–298

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dias JCP, Schofield CJ, Machado EM et al (2005) Ticks, ivermectin, and experimental Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100:829–832

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diosque P, Barnabé C, Padilla AM et al (2003) Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from a geographically restricted endemic area for Chagas’ disease in Argentina. Int J Parasitol 33:997–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00139-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumonteil E, Nouvellet P, Rosecrans K et al (2013) Eco-bio-social determinants for house infestation by nondomiciliated Triatoma dimidiata in the Yucatan península, Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2466

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dumonteil E, Ramirez-Sierra MJ, Pérez-Carrillo S et al (2018) Detailed ecological associations of triatomines revealed by metabarcoding and next-generation sequencing: implications for triatomine behavior and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles. Sci Rep 8:4140

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enriquez GF, Cardinal MV, Orozco MM et al (2013a) Discrete typing units of Trypanosoma cruzi identified in rural dogs and cats in the humid Argentinean Chaco. Parasitology 140:303–308. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003118201200159X

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enriquez GF, Cardinal MV, Orozco MM et al (2013b) Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in naturally infected dogs and cats using serological, parasitological and molecular methods. Acta Trop 126:211–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Enriquez GF, Bua J, Orozco MM et al (2014) High levels of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA determined by qPCR and infectiousness to Triatoma infestans support dogs and cats are major sources of parasites for domestic transmission. Infect Genet Evol 25:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.04.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enriquez GF, Macchiaverna NP, Argibay HD et al (2019) Zoonotic parasites and polyparasitism in dogs from a rural area of the Argentine Chaco. Vet Parasitol Reg Studies Rep 16:100287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada-Franco JG, Bhatia V, Diaz-Albiter H et al (2006) Human Trypanosoma cruzi infection and seropositivity in dogs, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 12:624–630

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fabrizio M, Schweigmann NJ, Bartoloni N (2014) Modeling American trypanosomiasis in an endemic zone: application to the initial spread of household infection in the Argentine Chaco. Zoonoses Public Health 61:545–559

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández MP, Cecere MC, Lanati LA et al (2014) Geographic variation of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units from Triatoma infestans at different spatial scales. Acta Trop 140:10–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández MP, Gaspe MS, Sartor P et al (2019) Human Trypanosoma cruzi infection risk is driven by eco-social interactions in rural communities of the Argentine Chaco. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0007430

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo Diniz L, Caldas IS, Guedes PMM et al (2010) Effects of ravuconazole treatment on parasite load and immune response in dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Ag Chemother 54:2979–2986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flores-Ferrer A, Waleckx E, Rascalou G et al (2019) Trypanosoma cruzi transmission dynamics in a synanthropic and domesticated host community. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0007902. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007902

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Franke CR, Greiner M, Mehlitz D (1994) Investigation on naturally occurring Trypanosoma evansi infections in horses, cattle, dogs and capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) in Pantanal de Poconé (Mato Grosso, Brazil). Acta Trop 58:159–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freitas JLP (1950) Observações sôbre xenodiagnósticos practicados em reservatórios domésticos e silvestres do Trypanosoma cruzi em uma localidade endémica da moléstia de Chagas no estado de São Paulo. Hospital 38:63–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Freitas YBN, Souza CDSF, Magalhães JME et al (2018) Natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in triatomines and seropositivity for Chagas disease of dogs in rural areas of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 51:190–197. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0088-2017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fung HL, Calzada J, Saldaña A et al (2014) Domestic dog health worsens with socio-economic deprivation of their home communities. Acta Trop 135:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gompper ME (2014) Free-ranging dogs and wildlife conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 314

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Vieyra SD, Ramírez-Durán N, Sandoval-Trujillo AH et al (2011) Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs: electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation, in Malinalco, State of Mexico. Res Rep Trop Med 2:155–161

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gorchakov R, Trosclair LP, Wozniak EP et al (2016) Trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence and bloodmeal analysis in triatomine vectors of Chagas disease from rural peridomestic locations in Texas, 2013-2014. J Med Entomol 53:911–918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guedes PMDM, Veloso VM, Tafuri WL (2002) The dog as model for chemotherapy of the Chagas’ disease. Acta Trop 84:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(02)139-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guedes PMDM, Urbina JA, Lana M et al (2004) Activity of the new triazole derivative albaconazole against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi in dog hosts. Antimicrob Ag Chemother 48:4286–4292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurevitz JM, Ceballos LA, Gaspe MS et al (2011) Factors affecting infestation by Triatoma infestans in a rural area of the humid Chaco in Argentina: a multi-model inference approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5:e1365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Cardinal MV (2015) Reservoir host competence and the epidemiologic role of domestic and commensal hosts in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 151:32–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Cecere MC (2020) Chagas disease vector control. In: Guarneri AA, Lorenzo MG (eds) Triatominae: the biology of Chagas disease vectors. Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Kravetz FO, Petersen RM et al (1990) The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi and the demography of dog populations after insecticidal spraying of houses: a predictive model. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 84:313–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Petersen RM, Lauricella MA et al (1992) Infectivity to the vector Triatoma infestans of dogs infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in north-west Argentina. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 86:111–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Cecere MC, Castañera MB et al (1996) Probability of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of the vector Triatoma infestans fed on infected humans and dogs in northwest Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55:24–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Cohen JE, Cecere MC et al (1997) Shifting host choices of the vector of Chagas disease Triatoma infestans in relation to the availability of hosts in houses in north-west Argentina. J Appl Ecol 34:699–715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Cecere MC, Lauricella MA et al (2005) Incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among children following domestic reinfestation after insecticide spraying in rural northwestern Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:95–103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Cecere MC, Lauricella MA et al (2007a) Domestic dogs and cats as sources of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina. Parasitology 134:69–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Kitron U, Cecere MC et al (2007b) Sustainable vector control and management of Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco, Argentina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:16194–16199

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Ceballos LA, Ordóñez-Krasnowski P et al (2009a) Strong host-feeding preferences of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans modified by vector density: implications for the epidemiology of Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3:e447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000447

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Ceballos LA, Stariolo R et al (2009b) Effects of topical application of fipronil spot-on on dogs against the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103:298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.09.018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Cecere MC, Vázquez-Prokopec GM et al (2014) Domestic animal hosts strongly influence human-feeding rates of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in Argentina. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e2894

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler RE, Fernández MP, Cardinal MV (2020) Eco-epidemiology of the domestic vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. In: Guarneri AA, Lorenzo MG (eds) Triatominae: the biology of Chagas disease vectors. Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Haberkorn A, Gönnert R (1972) Animal experimental investigation into the activity of nifurtimox against Trypanosoma cruzi. Arzneim Forsch (Drur Res) 22:1570–1582

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday JEB, Meredith AL, Knobel DL et al (2007) A framework for evaluating animals as sentinels for infectious disease surveillance. J R Soc Interface 4:973–984. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.0237

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haydon DT, Cleaveland S, Taylor LH et al (2002) Identifying reservoirs of infection: a conceptual and practical challenge. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1468–1473. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0812.010317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoare C (1972) The trypanosomes of mammals. A zoological monograph. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibáñez-Cervantes G, Martínez-Ibarra A, Nogueda-Torres B et al (2013) Identification by Q-PCR of Trypanosoma cruzi lineage and determination of blood meal sources in triatomine gut samples in Mexico. Parasitol Int 62:36–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen AM, Xavier SC, Roque AL (2017) Ecological aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi: wild hosts and reservoirs. In: Telleria J, Tibayrenc M (eds) American Trypanosomiasis Chagas disease: one hundred years of research, 2nd edn. Elsevier, London, pp 243–264

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kjos S, Snowden K, Craig T et al (2008) Distribution and characterization of canine Chagas disease in Texas. Vet Parasitol 152:249–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kjos S, Marcet PL, Yabsley MJ et al (2013) Identification of bloodmeal sources and Trypanosoma cruzi infection in triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from residential settings in Texas, the United States. J Med Entomol 50:1126–1139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kribs-Zaleta C (2010) Estimating contact process saturation in sylvatic transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in the United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e656

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Laiño M, Cardinal MV, Enriquez GF et al (2019) An oral dose of Fluralaner administered to dogs kills pyrethroid resistant and susceptible Chagas disease vectors for at least four months. Vet Parasitol 268:98–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lana M (2017) Experimental studies of Chagas disease in animal models. In: Telleria J, Tibayrenc M (eds) American Trypanosomiasis Chagas disease: one hundred years of research, 2nd edn. Elsevier, London, pp 299–320

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lauricella MA, Riarte A, Lazzari JO et al (1986) Enfermedad de Chagas en perros experimentalmente infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi. Medicina (B. Aires) 46:195–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauricella MA, Sinagra AJ, Paulone I et al (1989) Natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs of endemic areas of the Argentine Republic. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 31:63–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lauricella MA, Castañera MB, Gürtler RE et al (1998) Immunodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease) infection in naturally infected dogs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93:501–507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lima-Cordón RA, Stevens L, Solórzano Ortíz E et al (2018) Implementation science: epidemiology and feeding profiles of the Chagas vector Triatoma dimidiata prior to Ecohealth intervention for three locations in Central America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12:e0006952. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006952

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lizundia R, Picado A, Cordero M et al (2014) Molecular and serological rapid tests as markers of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs in Costa Rica. Trop Parasitol 4:111–114

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • López-Cancino SA, Tun-Ku E, Keynes H et al (2015) Landscape ecology of Trypanosoma cruzi in the southern Yucatan Peninsula. Acta Trop 151:58–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loza A, Talaga A, Herbas G et al (2017) Systemic insecticide treatment of the canine reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi induces high levels of lethality in Triatoma infestans, a principal vector of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 10:344

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucero RH, Brusés BL, Cura CI et al (2016) Chagas’ disease in aboriginal and creole communities from the Gran Chaco region of Argentina: seroprevalence and molecular parasitological characterization. Infect Genet Evol 41:84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucheis SB, Da Silva AV, Araújo JP Jr et al (2005) Trypanosomatids in dogs belonging to individuals with chronic Chagas disease living in Botucatu town and surrounding region. São Paulo State, Brazil. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 11:492–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luquetti AO, Schmunis GA (2017) Diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In: Telleria J, Tibayrenc M (eds) American Trypanosomiasis Chagas disease: one hundred years of research, 2nd edn. Elsevier, London, pp 687–730

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Macchiaverna NP, Gaspe MS, Enriquez GF et al (2015) Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma sordida before and after community-wide residual insecticide spraying in the Argentinean Chaco. Acta Trop 143:97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macchiaverna NP, Enriquez GF, Buscaglia CA et al (2018) New human isolates confirm the predominance of hybrid lineages in the Argentine domestic cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Gen Evol 66:229–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macchiaverna NP, Enriquez GF, Bua J et al (2020) Human infectiousness and parasite load in chronic patients seropositive for Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of the Argentine Chaco. Infect Gen Evol 78:104062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machado EMM, Fernandes AJ, Murta SMF et al (2001) A study of experimental reinfection by Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:959–965

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macpherson CLN, Meslin FX, Wandeler AI (eds) (2013) Dogs, zoonoses and public health, 2nd edn. CABI, New York, p 288

    Google Scholar 

  • Madeira MF, Sousa MA, Barros JH et al (2009) Trypanosoma caninum sp. (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) isolated from intact skin of a domestic dog (Canis familiaris) captured in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parasitology 136:411–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madeira MF, Almeida AB, Barros JH et al (2014) Trypanosoma caninum, a new parasite described in dogs in Brazil: aspects of natural infection. J Parasitol 100:231–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madigan R, Majoy S, Ritter K et al (2019) Investigation of a combination of amiodarone and itraconazole for treatment of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 255:317–329. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.255.3.317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maffey L, Cardinal MV, Ordóñez-Krasnowski PC et al (2012) Direct molecular identification of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in domestic and peridomestic Triatoma infestans and Triatoma sordida from the Argentine Chaco. Parasitology 139:1570–1579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcili A, Lima L, Cavazzana M et al (2009) A new genotype of Trypanosoma cruzi associated with bats evidenced by phylogenetic analyses using SSU rDNA, cytochrome b and histone H2B genes and genotyping based on ITS1 rDNA. Parasitology 136:641–655. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009005861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden PD, Hagstrom JWC (1968) Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection in beagle puppies. The effect of variations in dose and source of infecting trypanosomes and the route of inoculation on the course of the infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 62:816–824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matter HC, Daniels TJ (2000) Dog ecology and population biology. In: Macpherson CNL, Meslin FX, Wandeler AI (eds) Dogs, zoonoses and public health. CABI, New York, pp 17–50

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mazza S (1934) Difusión de la infección natural por Schyzotripanum cruzi en perros de la Provincia de Jujuy. Mis Est Patol Reg Arg 17:23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazza S, Lobos MM (1937) Casos de enfermedad de Chagas y animales domésticos infectados naturalmente con S. cruzi comprobados en el Departamento de Trancas provincia de Tucumán. Mis Est Patol Reg Arg 32:18–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Meurs KM, Anthony MA, Slater M et al (1998) Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs: 11 cases (1987-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:497–500

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers AC, Meinders M, Hamer SA (2017) Widespread Trypanosoma cruzi infection in government working dogs along the Texas-Mexico border: discordant serology, parasite genotyping and associated vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11:e0005819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005819

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers AC, Hamer SA, Matthews D et al (2019) Risk factors and select cardiac characteristics in dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi presenting to a teaching hospital in Texas. J Vet Intern Med 33:1695–1706

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miles MA, Feliciangeli MD, Rojas de Arias A (2003) American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease) and the role of molecular epidemiology in guiding control strategies. BMJ 326:1444–1448

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miles MA, Llewellyn MS, Lewis MD et al (2009) The molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi and parallel research on Leishmania: looking back and to the future. Parasitology 136:1509–1528. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009990977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minter DM (1976a) Effects on transmission to man of the presence of domestic animals in infested households. In: New approaches in American Trypanosomiasis research. Pan American Health Organization No. 318, Washington, pp 330–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Minter DM (1976b) Feeding patterns of some Triatominae vectors. In: New approaches in American Trypanosomiasis research, Pan American Health Organization Scientific Publication No. 318, Washington, pp 33–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Monje-Rumi MM, Brandán CP, Ragone PG et al (2015) Trypanosoma cruzi diversity in the Gran Chaco: mixed infections and differential host distribution of TcV and TcVI. Infect Genet Evol 29:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monteón V, Triana-Chávez O, Mejía-Jaramillo A et al (2016) Circulation of Tc Ia discrete type unit Trypanosoma cruzi in Yucatan Mexico. J Parasit Dis 40:550–554

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moo-Millan JI, Arnal A, Pérez-Carrillo S et al (2019) Disentangling Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycle dynamics through the identification of blood meal sources of natural populations of Triatoma dimidiata in Yucatán, Mexico. Parasit Vectors 12:572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mota J, Chacon JC, Gutierrez-Cabrera AE et al (2007) Identification of blood meal source and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of Chagas disease vectors using a multiplex cytochrome b polymerase chain reaction assay. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 7:617–628

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mott KE, Mota EA, Sherlock I et al (1978) Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs and cats and household seroreactivity to T. cruzi in a rural community in Northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27:1123–1127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy N, Macchiaverna NP, Cardinal MV et al (2019) Lineage-specific rapid diagnostic tests can resolve Trypanosoma cruzi TcII/V/VI ecological and epidemiological associations in the Argentine Chaco. Parasit Vectors 12:424. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3681-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nieto PD, Boughton R, Dorn PL (2009) Comparison of two immunochromatographic assays and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test for diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs in South Central Louisiana. Vet Parasitol 165:241–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nouvellet P, Dumonteil E, Gourbière S (2013) The improbable transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to human: the missing link in the dynamics and control of Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2505

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nouvellet P, Cucunubá ZM, Gourbière S (2015) Ecology, evolution and control of Chagas disease: a century of neglected modelling and a promising future. Adv Parasitol 87:135–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2014.12.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira-Porfirio GE, Martins Santos F, Carvalho de Macedo G et al (2018) Maintenance of Trypanosoma cruzi, T. evansi and Leishmania spp. by domestic dogs and wild mammals in a rural settlement in Brazil-Bolivian border. Int J Parasitol: Parasit Wildlife 7:398–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Orozco MM, Ceballos LA, Pino MC et al (2013a) Local threats and potential infectious hazards to maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in the southeastern argentine Chaco. Mammalia 78:339–349. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2013-0067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orozco MM, Enriquez GF, Alvarado-Otegui JA et al (2013b) New sylvatic hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi and their reservoir competence in the humid Chaco of Argentina: a longitudinal study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88:872–882

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Orozco MM, Piccinali RV, Mora MS et al (2014) The role of sigmodontine rodents as sylvatic hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Argentinean Chaco. Infect Gen Evol 22:12–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orozco MM, Enriquez GF, Cardinal MV et al (2016) A comparative study of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in sylvatic mammals from a protected and a disturbed area in the Argentine Chaco. Acta Trop 155:34–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz S, Ceballos MJ, González CR et al (2016) Trypanosoma cruzi diversity in infected dogs from areas of the north coast of Chile. Vet Parasitol Reg Studies Rep 5:42–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padilla AM, Brandan CP, Basombrío MA (2017) Vaccine development for Chagas disease. In: Telleria J, Tibayrenc M (eds) American Trypanosomiasis Chagas disease: one hundred years of research, 2nd edn. Elsevier, London, pp 773–796

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pellecer MJ, Dorn PL, Bustamante DM et al (2013) Vector blood meals are an early indicator of the effectiveness of the Ecohealth approach in halting Chagas transmission in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88:638–644

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington PM, Messenger LA, Reina J et al (2015) The Chagas disease domestic transmission cycle in Guatemala: parasite-vector switches and lack of mitochondrial co-diversification between Triatoma dimidiata and Trypanosoma cruzi subpopulations suggest non-vectorial parasite dispersal across the Motagua valley. Acta Trop 151:80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen RM, Gürtler RE, Cecere MC et al (2001) Association between nutritional indicators and infectivity of dogs seroreactive for Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of northwestern Argentina. Parasitol Res 87:208–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson JK, Bartsch SM, Lee BY et al (2015) Broad patterns in domestic vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission dynamics: synanthropic animals and vector control. Parasit Vectors 8:537

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pifano CF (1973) La dinámica epidemiológica de la enfermedad de Chagas en el Valle de los Naranjos, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela. II. La infección chagásica en la población rural del área. Arch Venez Med Trop Parasitol Med 5:31–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Pineda V, Saldaña A, Monfante I et al (2011) Prevalence of trypanosome infections in dogs from Chagas disease endemic regions in Panama, Central America. Vet Parasitol 178:360–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.043

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto AGS, Schubach TM, Figueiredo FB et al (2010) Isolation of Trypanosoma caninum in domestic dogs in Rio de Janeiro. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 137:1653–1660

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto AG, Toma HK, Figueiredo FB et al (2014) Evaluation of 18S rDNA PCR assay using skin fragments as a diagnostic test for Trypanosoma caninum. Vet Parasitol 205:343–346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pizarro JC, Stevens (2008) A new method for forensic DNA analysis of the blood meal in Chagas disease vectors demonstrated using Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia. PLoS One 3:3585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quijano-Hernández IA, Castro-Barcena A, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC et al (2013) Preventive and therapeutic DNA vaccination partially protect dogs against an infectious challenge with Trypanosoma cruzi. Vaccine 31:2246–2252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O (2009) Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 136:1915–1934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinovich JE, Kitron UD, Obed Y et al (2011) Ecological patterns of blood-feeding by kissing-bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 106:479–494

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramírez JD, Turriago B, Tapia-Calle G et al (2013) Understanding the role of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in the transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes in Colombia. Vet Parasitol 196:216–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.054

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey JM, Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE, Salgado-Ramírez L et al (2012) Ecological connectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi reservoirs and Triatoma pallidipennis hosts in an anthropogenic landscape with endemic Chagas disease. PLoS One 7:e46013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rassi A, Rezende JM, Luquetti AO et al (2017) Clinical phases and forms of Chagas disease. In: Telleria J, Tibayrenc M (eds) American Trypanosomiasis Chagas disease: one hundred years of research, 2nd edn. Elsevier, London, pp 653–686

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reisenman CE, Savary W, Cowles J et al (2012) The distribution and abundance of triatomine insects, potential vectors of Chagas disease, in a metropolitan area in southern Arizona, United States. J Med Entomol 49:1254–1261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reithinger R, Davies CR (1999) Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:530–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reithinger R, Ceballos LA, Stariolo R et al (2005) Chagas disease control: deltamethrin-treated collars reduce Triatoma infestans feeding success on dogs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99:502–508

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reithinger R, Ceballos LA, Stariolo R et al (2006) Extinction of experimental Triatoma infestans populations following continuous exposure to dogs wearing deltamethrin-treated collars. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74:766–771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha FL, Roque ALR, Arrais RC et al (2013) Trypanosoma cruzi TcI and TcII transmission among wild carnivores, small mammals and dogs in a conservation unit and surrounding areas, Brazil. Parasitology 140:160–170. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182012001539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roellig DM, Brown EL, Barnabé C et al (2008) Molecular typing of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 14:1123–1125. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1407.080175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rolón M, Vega MC, Román F et al (2011) First report of colonies of sylvatic Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Paraguayan Chaco, using a trained dog. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5:e1026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001026

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosal GG, Nogueda-Torres B, Villagrán ME et al (2018) Chagas disease: importance of rats as reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) in western Mexico. J Infect Public Health 11:230–233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosypal AC, Hill R, Lewis S (2011) Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic dipstick test for detection of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs experimentally infected with isolates obtained from opossums (Didelphis virginiana), armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), and dogs (Canis familiaris) from the United States. J Parasitol 97:140–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos FM, Lima WG, Gravel AS et al (2012) Cardiomyopathy prognosis after benznidazole treatment in chronic canine Chagas’ disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 67:1987–1995. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sartor PA, Cardinal MV, Orozco MM et al (2011) Trans-Sialidase neutralizing antibody detection in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected domestic reservoirs. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18:984–989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schaub GA (1988) Direct transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi between vectors of Chagas’ disease. Acta Trop 45:11–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva MB, Menezes KR, Farias MC et al (2017) Description of the feeding preferences of triatominae in the Chagas disease surveillance study for the State of Pernambuco, Brazil (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Rev Soc Brasil Med Trop 50:543–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snowden KF, Kjos SA (2012) American trypanosomiasis. In: Greene CE (ed) Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, 4th edn. Elsevier/Saunders, St. Louis, pp 722–730

    Google Scholar 

  • Spagnuolo AM, Shillor M, Kingsland L et al (2012) A logistic delay differential equation model for Chagas disease with interrupted spraying schedules. J Biol Dyn 6:377–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513758.2011.587896

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens L, Dorn PL, Hobson P et al (2012) Vector blood meals and Chagas disease transmission potential, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 18:646–649

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tenney TD, Curtis-Robles R, Snowden KF et al (2014) Shelter dogs as sentinels for Trypanosoma cruzi transmission across Texas. Emerg Infect Dis 20:1323–1326. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2008.131843

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Travi BL (2019) Considering dogs as complementary targets of Chagas disease control. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 19:90–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troncarelli MZ, Camargo JB, Machado JG et al (2009) Leishmania spp. and/or Trypanosoma cruzi diagnosis in dogs from endemic and nonendemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 164:118–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umezawa ES, Souza AI, Pinedo-Cancino V et al (2009) TESA-blot for the diagnosis of Chagas disease in dogs from co-endemic regions for Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma evansi and Leishmania chagasi. Acta Trop 111:15–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vallejo GA, Guhl F, Schaub GA (2009) Triatominae-Trypanosoma cruzi/T.rangeli: vector-parasite interactions. Acta Trop 110:137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.10.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villalobos G, Martínez-Hernández F, de la Torre P et al (2011) Entomological indices, feeding sources, and molecular identification of Triatoma phyllosoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) one of the main vectors of Chagas disease in the Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:490–497

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Waleckx E, Suarez J, Richards B et al (2014) Triatoma sanguisuga blood meals and potential for Chagas disease, Louisiana, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 20:2141–2143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wisnivesky-Colli C, Gürtler RE, Solarz ND et al (1982) Feeding patterns of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) in relation to transmission of American Trypanosomiasis in Argentina. J Med Entomol 19:645–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2002) Control of Chagas disease. Second report of the WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series 905, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2015) Chagas disease in Latin America: an epidemiological update based on 2010 estimates. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 90:33–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Xavier SCC, Roque ALR, Lima VS et al (2012) Lower richness of small wild mammal species and Chagas disease risk. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1647. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001647

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xavier SCC, Roque ALR, Bilac D et al (2014) Distantiae transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: a new epidemiological feature of acute Chagas disease in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e2878. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo M, Acosta N, Llewellyn MS et al (2005) Origins of Chagas disease: Didelphis species are natural hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi I and armadillos hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi II, including hybrids. Int J Parasitol 35:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.10.024

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zárate LG, Zárate RJ, Tempelis CH et al (1980) The biology and behavior of Triatoma barberi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Mexico. I. Blood meal sources and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. J Med Entomol 17:103–116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeledón R (1974) Epidemiology, modes of transmission and reservoir hosts of Chagas’ disease. In: Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis with special reference to Chagas’ disease. Ciba foundation symposium 20 (new series). Amsterdam, pp 51–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeledón R, Solano G, Burstin L et al (1975) Epidemiological pattern of Chagas’ disease in an endemic area of Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24:214–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeledón R, Beard CB, Dias JCP et al (2012) An appraisal of the status of Chagas disease in the United States. Elsevier, London, p 112

    Google Scholar 

  • Zingales B (2018) Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity: something new for something known about Chagas disease manifestations, serodiagnosis and drug sensitivity. Acta Trop 184:38–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zingales B, Miles MA, Campbell DA et al (2012) The revised Trypanosoma cruzi subspecific nomenclature: rationale, epidemiological relevance and research applications. Infect Genet Evol 12:240–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEEGID.2011.12.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to M Carla Cecere, M Pilar Fernández, M Sol Gaspe, and Natalia Macchiaverna for helpful discussions. Gustavo Enriquez provided helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the University of Buenos Aires (UBACYT 20020130100843BA), PICT 2014-2661, and PICT 2015-2921.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Ricardo E. Gürtler & Marta V. Cardinal

  2. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Ricardo E. Gürtler & Marta V. Cardinal

Authors
  1. Ricardo E. Gürtler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marta V. Cardinal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ricardo E. Gürtler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany

    Christina Strube

  2. Department of Parasitology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gürtler, R.E., Cardinal, M.V. (2021). Dogs and Their Role in the Eco-epidemiology of Chagas Disease. In: Strube, C., Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Dog Parasites Endangering Human Health. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 13. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53230-7_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation