Skip to main content

Right Heart Failure from Pulmonary Embolism

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Cases in Right Heart Failure

Part of the book series: Clinical Cases in Cardiology ((CCC))

  • 700 Accesses

Abstract

Acute right heart failure (RHF) is an important presentation of acute pulmonary artery thromboembolism (PE). The hemodynamic nature of acute right ventricular failure is fundamentally different from that of chronic right ventricular failure. Recognizing important clinical signs, along with imaging modalities such as Transthoracic echocardiogram, lung ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy scan and computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA), can help to make an early diagnosis. Early treatment with anticoagulants and/or thrombolysis, helps to improve in-hospital survival and reduce long-term pulmonary arterial hypertension. Systemic or catheter directed thrombolysis plays a vital role in patients with hemodynamic instability. The role of advanced hemodynamic support devices as an adjuvant therapy is limited to only specialized centers with experienced operators.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Stein PD, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II. Am J Med. 2007;120(10):871–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Castelli R, et al. Syncope in patients with pulmonary embolism: comparison between patients with syncope as the presenting symptom of pulmonary embolism and patients with pulmonary embolism without syncope. Vasc Med. 2003;8(4):257–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Jaff MR, et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123(16):1788–830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Konstantinides SV, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(43):3033–69, 3069a–3069k.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Belohlavek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A. Pulmonary embolism, part I: epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2013;18(2):129–38.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Ryu JH, et al. Saddle pulmonary embolism diagnosed by CT angiography: frequency, clinical features and outcome. Respir Med. 2007;101(7):1537–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sardi A, et al. Saddle pulmonary embolism: is it as bad as it looks? A community hospital experience. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(11):2413–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Greyson CR. Pathophysiology of right ventricular failure. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(1 Suppl):S57–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ventetuolo CE, Klinger JR. Management of acute right ventricular failure in the intensive care unit. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(5):811–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. von Anrep G. On the part played by the suprarenals in the normal vascular reactions of the body. J Physiol. 1912;45(5):307–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Guyton AC, Lindsey AW, Gilluly JJ. The limits of right ventricular compensation following acute increase in pulmonary circulatory resistance. Circ Res. 1954;2(4):326–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Konstantinides SV, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J. 2019;54(3):ehz405.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wang RC, et al. The impact of clinical decision rules on computed tomography use and yield for pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;67(6):693–701.e3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bass AR, et al. Clinical decision rules for pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(11):2176–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stein PD, et al. Clinical, laboratory, roentgenographic, and electrocardiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and no pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease. Chest. 1991;100(3):598–603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Stein PD, Goldhaber SZ, Henry JW. Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in the assessment of acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1995;107(1):139–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stein PD, et al. Arterial blood gas analysis in the assessment of suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1996;109(1):78–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Stein PD, Saltzman HA, Weg JG. Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68(17):1723–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shopp JD, et al. Findings from 12-lead electrocardiography that predict circulatory shock from pulmonary embolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22(10):1127–37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. van Belle A, et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA. 2006;295(2):172–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cozzi PJ, Hall JB, Schmidt GA. Pulmonary artery diastolic-occlusion pressure gradient is increased in acute pulmonary embolism. Crit Care Med. 1995;23(9):1481–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kochav SM, et al. Prognostic impact of pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PAPi) in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the ESCAPE trial. J Card Fail. 2018;24(7):453–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA. 1990;263(20):2753–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sostman HD, et al. Acute pulmonary embolism: sensitivity and specificity of ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in PIOPED II study. Radiology. 2008;246(3):941–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wiener RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S. Time trends in pulmonary embolism in the United States: evidence of overdiagnosis. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(9):831–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Costello P, Gupta KB. Pulmonary embolism: imaging modalities--V/Q scan, spiral (helical) CT, and MRI. Semin Vasc Med. 2001;1(2):155–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Stein PD, et al. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for pulmonary embolism: a multicenter prospective study (PIOPED III). Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(7):434–43, w142–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Sosland RP, Gupta K. Images in cardiovascular medicine: McConnell’s Sign. Circulation. 2008;118(15):e517–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Fields JM, et al. Transthoracic echocardiography for diagnosing pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(7):714–723.e4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sista AK, et al. Stratification, imaging, and management of acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism. Radiology. 2017;284(1):5–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Barritt DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. A controlled trial. Lancet. 1960;1(7138):1309–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kabrhel C, et al. A multidisciplinary pulmonary embolism response team. Chest. 2013;144(5):1738–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kabrhel C, et al. A multidisciplinary pulmonary embolism response team: initial 30-month experience with a novel approach to delivery of care to patients with submassive and massive pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2016;150(2):384–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wan S, et al. Thrombolysis compared with heparin for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Circulation. 2004;110(6):744–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Meyer G, et al. Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1402–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Dudzinski DM, Piazza G. Multidisciplinary pulmonary embolism response teams. Circulation. 2016;133(1):98–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Haut ER, et al. The effectiveness of prophylactic inferior vena cava filters in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(2):194–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. PREPIC Study Group. Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study. Circulation. 2005;112(3):416–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Jerjes-Sanchez C, et al. Streptokinase and heparin versus heparin alone in massive pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 1995;2(3):227–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sharifi M, et al. Moderate pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the “MOPETT” trial). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):273–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Nassiri N, et al. Massive and submassive pulmonary embolism: experience with an algorithm for catheter-directed mechanical thrombectomy. Ann Vasc Surg. 2012;26(1):18–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Eid-Lidt G, et al. Combined clot fragmentation and aspiration in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2008;134(1):54–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kucher N, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. Circulation. 2014;129(4):479–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Piazza G, et al. A prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial of ultrasound-facilitated, catheter-directed, low-dose fibrinolysis for acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism: the SEATTLE II study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(10):1382–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Keeling WB, et al. Midterm benefits of surgical pulmonary embolectomy for acute pulmonary embolus on right ventricular function. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;152(3):872–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Osborne ZJ, et al. Surgical pulmonary embolectomy in a community hospital. Am J Surg. 2014;207(3):337–41; discussion 340–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bloomfield P, Boon NA, de Bono DP. Indications for pulmonary embolectomy. Lancet. 1988;2(8606):329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lee T, et al. Survival and recurrence after acute pulmonary embolism treated with pulmonary embolectomy or thrombolysis in New York State, 1999 to 2013. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;155(3):1084–90.e12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Neely RC, et al. Surgical embolectomy for acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism in a series of 115 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100(4):1245–51; discussion 1251–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Dalen JE, Alpert JS. Natural history of pulmonary embolism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1975;17(4):259–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. ten Wolde M, et al. Prognostic value of echocardiographically assessed right ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(15):1685–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Masotti L, et al. Prognostic stratification of acute pulmonary embolism: focus on clinical aspects, imaging, and biomarkers. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5(4):567–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. den Exter PL, et al. Risk profile and clinical outcome of symptomatic subsegmental acute pulmonary embolism. Blood. 2013;122(7):1144–9; quiz 1329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lawrence A. Garcia .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Grover, P., Vaziri, A., Garcia, L.A. (2020). Right Heart Failure from Pulmonary Embolism. In: Tsao, L., Afari, M. (eds) Clinical Cases in Right Heart Failure. Clinical Cases in Cardiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38662-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38662-7_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38661-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38662-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics