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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Methods

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Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia

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Abstract

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique that quantitatively measures the metabolic composition of tissues in vivo using conventional magnetic resonance (MR) scanners. This technology is of special interest for clinical applications in psychiatry due to its non-invasive nature. In recent years, studies have demonstrated its diagnostic capability in psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, as well as in neurodegenerative disorders and neuro-oncology among others. The most relevant brain chemicals that can be quantified include: N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a neuronal marker; creatine (Cr), involved in energy metabolism; choline (Cho), a key component of myelin; glutamate (Glu), an excitatory neurotransmitter; γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and glutathione (GSH), an anti-oxidant involved in neuroinflammation. In this chapter, the biological roles of the primary brain metabolites will be discussed. Moreover, the general principles of MRS and the specialized pulse sequences that enable the detection of each of these metabolites will be described. Furthermore, a comprehensive introduction of the most common techniques and examination protocols used in research and clinical applications will be presented.

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Abbreviations

13C:

Carbon 13

2D COSY:

Two-Dimensional COrrelated SpectroscopY

2D JPRESS:

Two-Dimensional J-resolved Point RESolved Spectroscopy

Cho:

Choline

Cr:

Creatine

CRLB:

Cramer–Rao lower bounds

CSI:

Chemical shift imaging

FT:

Fourier transform

FID:

Free induction decay

fMRI:

functional magnetic resonance imaging

GABA:

gamma-Aminobutyric acid

Gln:

Glutamine

Glu:

Glutamate

Glx:

Both glutamate and glutamine

GPC:

Glycerophosphocholine

GSH:

Glutathione

JPRESS:

J-resolved Point RESolved Spectroscopy

MCI:

Mild cognitive impairment

MEGA PRESS:

MEscher-GArwood Point RESolved Spectroscopy

mI:

myo-Inositol

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MRS:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

NAA:

N-Acetylaspartate

NAAG:

N-Acetylaspartylglutamate

NMDA:

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

PCP:

Phencyclidine

PC:

Phosphorylcholine

PCr:

Phosphocreatine

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PRESS:

Point RESolved Spectroscopy

RF:

Radiofrequency

ROI:

Region of interest

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

STEAM:

STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode

SVS:

Single voxel spectroscopy

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

TE:

Echo time

TI:

Inversion time

TR:

Relaxation time

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Eduardo Coello, Tyler C. Starr & Alexander P. Lin

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  1. Eduardo Coello
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  2. Tyler C. Starr
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Correspondence to Alexander P. Lin .

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  1. Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Marek Kubicki

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Martha E. Shenton

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Coello, E., Starr, T.C., Lin, A.P. (2020). Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Methods. In: Kubicki, M., Shenton, M. (eds) Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35206-6_9

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