Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has become the primary imaging modality for assessing peritoneal and retroperitoneal pathology in children, given its significant advantages over multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) including superior soft tissue contrast resolution and lack of ionizing radiation. This chapter details peritoneal and retroperitoneal anatomy relevant to cross-sectional imaging, as knowledge of these structures aids understanding of disease processes affecting these areas. MR imaging protocols and techniques for optimal imaging are discussed with emphasis on pediatric patients. MR imaging findings of various disease entities that involve the peritoneum and retroperitoneum are also reviewed and discussed with case examples.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Vasanawala SS. Abdominal MR imaging in children: motion compensation, sequence optimization, and protocol organization. Radiographics. 2013;33(3):703–19.
Vasanawala SS, Lustig M. Advances in pediatric body MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 2011;41(Suppl 2):549–54.
Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Singh M, Vidarsson L, Shroff M. MR imaging at 3.0 T in children: technical differences, safety issues, and initial experience. Radiographics. 2009;29(5):1451–66.
Edwards AD, Arthurs OJ. Paediatric MRI under sedation: is it necessary? What is the evidence for the alternatives? Pediatr Radiol. 2011;41(11):1353–64.
Harned RK 2nd, Strain JD. MRI-compatible audio/visual system: impact on pediatric sedation. Pediatr Radiol. 2001;31(4):247–50.
Rappaport B, Mellon RD, Simone A, Woodcock J. Defining safe use of anesthesia in children. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(15):1387–90.
Anupindi S, Jaramillo D. Pediatric magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2002;10(2):189–207.
Mackenzie JD, Vasanawala SS. Advances in pediatric MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2008;16(3):385–99.
Jaimes C, Gee MS. Strategies to minimize sedation in pediatric body magnetic resonance imaging. Paediatr Radiol. 2016;46(6):916–27.
Jaimes C, Kirsch JE, Gee MS. Fast, free breathing and motion-minimizing techniques for pediatric body magnetic resonance imaging. Paediatr Radiol. 2018;48(9):1197–208.
Healy JC, Reznek RH. The peritoneum, mesenteries and omenta: normal anatomy and pathological processes. Eur Radiol. 1998;8(6):886–900.
Tirkes T, Sandrasegaran K, Patel AA, Hollar MA, Tejada JG, Tann M, et al. Peritoneal and retroperitoneal anatomy and its relevance for cross-sectional imaging. Radiographics. 2012;32(2):437–51.
Goenka AH, Shah SN, Remer EM. Imaging of the retroperitoneum. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50(2):333–55.
Dillman JR, Smith EA, Morani AC, Trout AC. Imaging of the pediatric peritoneum, mesentery and omentum. Pediatr Radiol. 2017;47(8):987–1000.
Kronfli R, Bradnock TJ, Sabharwal A. Intestinal atresia in association with gastroschisis: a 26-year review. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26(9):891–4.
Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, Roth MP. Omphalocele and gastroschisis and associated malformations. Am J Med Genet A. 2008;146A(10):1280–5.
Daltro P, Fricke BL, Kline-Fath BM, Werner H, Rodrigues L, Fazecas T, et al. Prenatal MRI of congenital abdominal and chest wall defects. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(3):1010–6.
Ros PR, Olmsted WW, Moser RP Jr, Dachman AH, Hjermstad BH, Sobin LH. Mesenteric and omental cysts: histologic classification with imaging correlation. Radiology. 1987;164(2):327–32.
Stoupis C, Ros PR, Abbitt PL, Burton SS, Gauger J. Bubbles in the belly: imaging of cystic mesenteric or omental masses. Radiographics. 1994;14(4):729–37.
Chung MA, Brandt ML, St-Vil D, Yazbeck S. Mesenteric cysts in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26(11):1306–8.
Vanek VW, Phillips AK. Retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and omental cysts. Arch Surg. 1984;119(7):838–42.
Estaun JE, Alfageme AG, Banuelos JS. Radiologic appearance of diaphragmatic mesothelial cysts. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33:855–8.
Akinci D, Akhan O, Ozmen M, Ozkan OS, Karcaaltincaba M. Diaphragmatic mesothelial cysts in children: radiologic findings and percutaneous ethanol sclerotherapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(4):873–7.
Eckoldt F, Heling KS, Woderich R, Kraft S, Bollmann R, Mau H. Meconium peritonitis and pseudo-cyst formation: prenatal diagnosis and post-natal course. Prenat Diagn. 2003;23(11):904–8.
Stocker JT. The respiratory tract. In: Stocker JT, Dehner LP, editors. Pediatric pathology, vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1992. p. 517–8.
McAdams HP, Kirejczyk WM, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Matsumoto S. Bronchogenic cyst: imaging features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 2000;217(2):441–6.
Siegelman ES, Birnbaum BA, Rosato EF. Bronchogenic cyst appearing as a retroperitoneal mass. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:527–8.
Murakami R, Machida M, Kobayashi Y, Ogura J, Ichikawa T, Kumazaki T. Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst: CT and MR imaging. Abdom Imaging. 2000;25:444–7.
Koning JL, Naheedy JH, Kruk PG. Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced MR for acute appendicitis and alternative causes of abdominal pain in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2014;44(8):948–55.
Macari M, Hines J, Balthazar E, Megibow A. Mesenteric adenitis: CT diagnosis of primary versus secondary causes, incidence, and clinical significance in pediatric and adult patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:853–8.
Kamaya A, Federle MP, Desser TS. Imaging manifestations of abdominal fat necrosis and its mimics. Radiographics. 2011;31:2021–34.
McClure MJ, Khalili K, Sarrazin J, Hanbidge A. Radiological features of epiploic appendagitis and segmental omental infarction. Clin Radiol. 2001;56(10):819–27.
Moyle PL, Kataoka MY, Nakai A, Takahata A, Reinhold C, Sala E. Nonovarian cystic lesions of the pelvis. Radiographics. 2010;30:921–38.
Jain KA. Imaging of peritoneal inclusion cysts. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174:1559–63.
Hahn YS, Engelhard H, McLone DG. Abdominal CSF pseudocyst: clinical features and surgical management. Pediatr Neurosci 1985–1986;12:75–79.
Harsh GR. Peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus utilizing the fimbria of the fallopian tube for entrance to the peritoneal cavity. J Neurosurg. 1954;11:284–94.
Rainov N, Schobess A, Heidecke V, et al. Abdominal CSF pseudocyst in patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts: report of fourteen cases and review of literature. Acta Neurochir. 1994;127:73–8.
Chung J, Yu J, Kim JH, Nam SJ, Kim MJ. Intraabdominal complications secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunts: CT findings and review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(5):1311–7.
Brook I. Intra-abdominal, retroperitoneal, and visceral abscesses in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2004;14(4):265–73.
Chung EM, Biko DM, Arzamendi AM, Meldrum JT, Stocker JT. Solid tumors of the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery in children: radiologic-pathologic-correlation. Radiographics. 2015;35(2):521–46.
Levy AD, Rimola J, Mehrotra AK, Sobin LH. From the archives of the AFIP: benign brous tumors and tumorlike lesions of the mesentery—radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2006;26(1):245–64.
Einstein DM, Tagliabue JR, Desai RK. Abdominal desmoids: CT findings in 25 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:275–9.
Shinagare AB, Ramaiya NH, Jagannathan JP, Krajewski KM, Giardino AA, Butrynski JE, Raut CP. A to Z of desmoid tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197:W1008–14. Review.
McCarville MB, Hoffer FA, Adelman CS, Khoury JD, Li C, Skapek SX. MRI and biologic behavior of desmoid tumors in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(3):633–40.
Azizi L, Balu M, Belkacem A, Lewin M, Tubiana JM, Arrivé LMRI. Features of mesenteric desmoid tumors in familial adenomatous polyposis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(4):1128–35. Review
Karnak I, Senocak ME, Ciftci AO, Cağlar M, Bingöl-Koloğlu M, Tanyel FC, Büyükpamukçu N. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in children: diagnosis and treatment. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36(6):908–12.
Kim SJ, Kim WS, Cheon JE, Shin SM, Youn BJ, Kim IO, Yeon KM. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the abdomen as mimickers of malignancy: imaging features in nine children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(5):1419–24.
Sedlic T, Scali EP, Lee WK, Verma S, Chang SD. Inflammatory pseudotumours in the abdomen and pelvis: a pictorial essay. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2014;65(1):52–9.
Farruggia P, Trizzino A, Scibetta N, Cecchetto G, Guerrieri P, D’Amore ES, D’Angelo P. Castleman’s disease in childhood: report of three cases and review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr. 2011;37:50. Review
Zhou LP, Zhang B, Peng WJ, Yang WT, Guan YB, Zhou KR. Imaging findings of Castleman disease of the abdomen and pelvis. Abdom Imaging. 2008;33(4):482–8.
Li FF, Zhang T, Bai YZ. Mesenteric Castleman’s disease in a 12-year-old girl. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15(10):1896–8.
Bonekamp D, Horton KM, Hruban RH, Fishman EK. Castleman disease: the great mimic. Radiographics. 2011;31(6):1793–807.
Reiseter T, Nordshus T, Borthne A, Roald B, Naess P, Schistad O. Lipoblastoma: MRI appearances of a rare paediatric soft tissue tumour. Pediatr Radiol. 1999;29(7):542–5.
Gentimi F, Tzovaras AA, Antoniou D, Moschovi M, Papandreou E. A giant mesenteric lipoblastoma in an 18-month old infant: a case report and review of the literature. African J Paediatr Surg. 2011;8(3):320–3.
Levy AD, Patel N, Dow N, Abbott RM, Miettinen M, Sobin LH. From the archives of the AFIP: abdominal neoplasms in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2005;25(2):455–80.
Basile U, Cavallaro G, Polistena A, Giustini S, Orlando G, Cotesta D, et al. Gastrointestinal and retroperitoneal manifestations of type 1 neurofibromatosis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14(1):186–94.
Lack EE. Paraganglioma. In: Sternberg SS, editor. Diagnostic surgical pathology. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 599–621.
Lee KY, Oh YW, Noh HJ, Lee YJ, Yong HS, et al. Extraadrenal paragangliomas of the body: imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(2):492–504.
Kis B, O’Regan KN, Agoston A, Javery O, Jagannathan J, Ramaiya NH. Imaging of desmoplastic small round cell tumour in adults. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1010):187–92.
Bellah R, Suzuki-Bordalo L, Brecher E, Ginsberg JP, Maris J, Pawel BR. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor in the abdomen and pelvis: report of CT findings in 11 affected children and young adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(6):1910–4.
Tateishi U, Hasegawa T, Kusumoto M, Oyama T, Ishikawa H, Moriyama N. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor: imaging findings associated with clinicopathologic features. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002;26(4):579–83.
Lonnergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL. Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2002;22(4):911–34.
Berdon WE, Stylianos S, Ruzal-Shapiro C, Hoffer F, Cohen M. Neuroblastoma arising from the organ of Zuckerkandl: an unusual site with a favorable biologic outcome. Pediatr Radiol. 1999;29(7):497–502.
Sandlund JT, Downing JR, Crist WM. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(19):1238–48.
Biko DM, Anupindi SA, Hernandez A, Kersun L, Bellah R. Childhood Burkitt lymphoma: abdominal and pelvic imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(5):1304–15.
Hamrick-Turner JE, Saif MF, Powers CI, Blumenthal BI, Royal SA, Iyer RV. Imaging of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma: assessment by histologic subtype. Radiographics. 1994;14(1):11–28.
Ng YY, Healy JC, Vincent JM, Kingston JE, Armstrong P, Reznek RH. The radiology of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in childhood: a review of 80 cases. Clin Radiol. 1994;49(9):594–600.
Miller RW, Young JL Jr, Novakovic B. Childhood cancer. Cancer. 1995;75(1 Suppl):395–405.
Chung CJ, Fordham L, Little S, Rayder S, Nimkin K, Kleinman PK, Watson C. Intraperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma in children: incidence and imaging characteristics on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170(5):1385–7.
Pickhardt PF, Bhalla S. Primary neoplasms of peritoneal and subperitoneal origin: CT findings. Radiographics. 2005;25(4):983–95.
Bagley LJ. Imaging of spinal trauma. Radiol Clin N Am. 2006;44(1):1–12.
Madiba TE, Muckart DJ. Retroperitoneal hematoma and related organ injury: management approach. S Afr J Surg. 2001;39(2):41–5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Malik, A. (2020). Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum. In: Lee, E., Liszewski, M., Gee, M., Daltro, P., Restrepo, R. (eds) Pediatric Body MRI. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31989-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31989-2_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-31988-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-31989-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)