Skip to main content

Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Body MRI

Abstract

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has become the primary imaging modality for assessing peritoneal and retroperitoneal pathology in children, given its significant advantages over multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) including superior soft tissue contrast resolution and lack of ionizing radiation. This chapter details peritoneal and retroperitoneal anatomy relevant to cross-sectional imaging, as knowledge of these structures aids understanding of disease processes affecting these areas. MR imaging protocols and techniques for optimal imaging are discussed with emphasis on pediatric patients. MR imaging findings of various disease entities that involve the peritoneum and retroperitoneum are also reviewed and discussed with case examples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Vasanawala SS. Abdominal MR imaging in children: motion compensation, sequence optimization, and protocol organization. Radiographics. 2013;33(3):703–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Vasanawala SS, Lustig M. Advances in pediatric body MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 2011;41(Suppl 2):549–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Singh M, Vidarsson L, Shroff M. MR imaging at 3.0 T in children: technical differences, safety issues, and initial experience. Radiographics. 2009;29(5):1451–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Edwards AD, Arthurs OJ. Paediatric MRI under sedation: is it necessary? What is the evidence for the alternatives? Pediatr Radiol. 2011;41(11):1353–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Harned RK 2nd, Strain JD. MRI-compatible audio/visual system: impact on pediatric sedation. Pediatr Radiol. 2001;31(4):247–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rappaport B, Mellon RD, Simone A, Woodcock J. Defining safe use of anesthesia in children. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(15):1387–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Anupindi S, Jaramillo D. Pediatric magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2002;10(2):189–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mackenzie JD, Vasanawala SS. Advances in pediatric MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2008;16(3):385–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jaimes C, Gee MS. Strategies to minimize sedation in pediatric body magnetic resonance imaging. Paediatr Radiol. 2016;46(6):916–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jaimes C, Kirsch JE, Gee MS. Fast, free breathing and motion-minimizing techniques for pediatric body magnetic resonance imaging. Paediatr Radiol. 2018;48(9):1197–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Healy JC, Reznek RH. The peritoneum, mesenteries and omenta: normal anatomy and pathological processes. Eur Radiol. 1998;8(6):886–900.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tirkes T, Sandrasegaran K, Patel AA, Hollar MA, Tejada JG, Tann M, et al. Peritoneal and retroperitoneal anatomy and its relevance for cross-sectional imaging. Radiographics. 2012;32(2):437–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Goenka AH, Shah SN, Remer EM. Imaging of the retroperitoneum. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50(2):333–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dillman JR, Smith EA, Morani AC, Trout AC. Imaging of the pediatric peritoneum, mesentery and omentum. Pediatr Radiol. 2017;47(8):987–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kronfli R, Bradnock TJ, Sabharwal A. Intestinal atresia in association with gastroschisis: a 26-year review. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26(9):891–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, Roth MP. Omphalocele and gastroschisis and associated malformations. Am J Med Genet A. 2008;146A(10):1280–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Daltro P, Fricke BL, Kline-Fath BM, Werner H, Rodrigues L, Fazecas T, et al. Prenatal MRI of congenital abdominal and chest wall defects. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(3):1010–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ros PR, Olmsted WW, Moser RP Jr, Dachman AH, Hjermstad BH, Sobin LH. Mesenteric and omental cysts: histologic classification with imaging correlation. Radiology. 1987;164(2):327–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stoupis C, Ros PR, Abbitt PL, Burton SS, Gauger J. Bubbles in the belly: imaging of cystic mesenteric or omental masses. Radiographics. 1994;14(4):729–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chung MA, Brandt ML, St-Vil D, Yazbeck S. Mesenteric cysts in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26(11):1306–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Vanek VW, Phillips AK. Retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and omental cysts. Arch Surg. 1984;119(7):838–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Estaun JE, Alfageme AG, Banuelos JS. Radiologic appearance of diaphragmatic mesothelial cysts. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33:855–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Akinci D, Akhan O, Ozmen M, Ozkan OS, Karcaaltincaba M. Diaphragmatic mesothelial cysts in children: radiologic findings and percutaneous ethanol sclerotherapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(4):873–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Eckoldt F, Heling KS, Woderich R, Kraft S, Bollmann R, Mau H. Meconium peritonitis and pseudo-cyst formation: prenatal diagnosis and post-natal course. Prenat Diagn. 2003;23(11):904–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Stocker JT. The respiratory tract. In: Stocker JT, Dehner LP, editors. Pediatric pathology, vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1992. p. 517–8.

    Google Scholar 

  26. McAdams HP, Kirejczyk WM, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Matsumoto S. Bronchogenic cyst: imaging features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 2000;217(2):441–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Siegelman ES, Birnbaum BA, Rosato EF. Bronchogenic cyst appearing as a retroperitoneal mass. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:527–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Murakami R, Machida M, Kobayashi Y, Ogura J, Ichikawa T, Kumazaki T. Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst: CT and MR imaging. Abdom Imaging. 2000;25:444–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Koning JL, Naheedy JH, Kruk PG. Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced MR for acute appendicitis and alternative causes of abdominal pain in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2014;44(8):948–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Macari M, Hines J, Balthazar E, Megibow A. Mesenteric adenitis: CT diagnosis of primary versus secondary causes, incidence, and clinical significance in pediatric and adult patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:853–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kamaya A, Federle MP, Desser TS. Imaging manifestations of abdominal fat necrosis and its mimics. Radiographics. 2011;31:2021–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. McClure MJ, Khalili K, Sarrazin J, Hanbidge A. Radiological features of epiploic appendagitis and segmental omental infarction. Clin Radiol. 2001;56(10):819–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Moyle PL, Kataoka MY, Nakai A, Takahata A, Reinhold C, Sala E. Nonovarian cystic lesions of the pelvis. Radiographics. 2010;30:921–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jain KA. Imaging of peritoneal inclusion cysts. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174:1559–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hahn YS, Engelhard H, McLone DG. Abdominal CSF pseudocyst: clinical features and surgical management. Pediatr Neurosci 1985–1986;12:75–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Harsh GR. Peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus utilizing the fimbria of the fallopian tube for entrance to the peritoneal cavity. J Neurosurg. 1954;11:284–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rainov N, Schobess A, Heidecke V, et al. Abdominal CSF pseudocyst in patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts: report of fourteen cases and review of literature. Acta Neurochir. 1994;127:73–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Chung J, Yu J, Kim JH, Nam SJ, Kim MJ. Intraabdominal complications secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunts: CT findings and review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(5):1311–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Brook I. Intra-abdominal, retroperitoneal, and visceral abscesses in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2004;14(4):265–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chung EM, Biko DM, Arzamendi AM, Meldrum JT, Stocker JT. Solid tumors of the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery in children: radiologic-pathologic-correlation. Radiographics. 2015;35(2):521–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Levy AD, Rimola J, Mehrotra AK, Sobin LH. From the archives of the AFIP: benign brous tumors and tumorlike lesions of the mesentery—radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2006;26(1):245–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Einstein DM, Tagliabue JR, Desai RK. Abdominal desmoids: CT findings in 25 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:275–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Shinagare AB, Ramaiya NH, Jagannathan JP, Krajewski KM, Giardino AA, Butrynski JE, Raut CP. A to Z of desmoid tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197:W1008–14. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. McCarville MB, Hoffer FA, Adelman CS, Khoury JD, Li C, Skapek SX. MRI and biologic behavior of desmoid tumors in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(3):633–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Azizi L, Balu M, Belkacem A, Lewin M, Tubiana JM, Arrivé LMRI. Features of mesenteric desmoid tumors in familial adenomatous polyposis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(4):1128–35. Review

    Google Scholar 

  46. Karnak I, Senocak ME, Ciftci AO, Cağlar M, Bingöl-Koloğlu M, Tanyel FC, Büyükpamukçu N. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in children: diagnosis and treatment. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36(6):908–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kim SJ, Kim WS, Cheon JE, Shin SM, Youn BJ, Kim IO, Yeon KM. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the abdomen as mimickers of malignancy: imaging features in nine children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(5):1419–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sedlic T, Scali EP, Lee WK, Verma S, Chang SD. Inflammatory pseudotumours in the abdomen and pelvis: a pictorial essay. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2014;65(1):52–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Farruggia P, Trizzino A, Scibetta N, Cecchetto G, Guerrieri P, D’Amore ES, D’Angelo P. Castleman’s disease in childhood: report of three cases and review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr. 2011;37:50. Review

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhou LP, Zhang B, Peng WJ, Yang WT, Guan YB, Zhou KR. Imaging findings of Castleman disease of the abdomen and pelvis. Abdom Imaging. 2008;33(4):482–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Li FF, Zhang T, Bai YZ. Mesenteric Castleman’s disease in a 12-year-old girl. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15(10):1896–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bonekamp D, Horton KM, Hruban RH, Fishman EK. Castleman disease: the great mimic. Radiographics. 2011;31(6):1793–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Reiseter T, Nordshus T, Borthne A, Roald B, Naess P, Schistad O. Lipoblastoma: MRI appearances of a rare paediatric soft tissue tumour. Pediatr Radiol. 1999;29(7):542–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gentimi F, Tzovaras AA, Antoniou D, Moschovi M, Papandreou E. A giant mesenteric lipoblastoma in an 18-month old infant: a case report and review of the literature. African J Paediatr Surg. 2011;8(3):320–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Levy AD, Patel N, Dow N, Abbott RM, Miettinen M, Sobin LH. From the archives of the AFIP: abdominal neoplasms in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2005;25(2):455–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Basile U, Cavallaro G, Polistena A, Giustini S, Orlando G, Cotesta D, et al. Gastrointestinal and retroperitoneal manifestations of type 1 neurofibromatosis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14(1):186–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lack EE. Paraganglioma. In: Sternberg SS, editor. Diagnostic surgical pathology. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 599–621.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Lee KY, Oh YW, Noh HJ, Lee YJ, Yong HS, et al. Extraadrenal paragangliomas of the body: imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(2):492–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kis B, O’Regan KN, Agoston A, Javery O, Jagannathan J, Ramaiya NH. Imaging of desmoplastic small round cell tumour in adults. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1010):187–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Bellah R, Suzuki-Bordalo L, Brecher E, Ginsberg JP, Maris J, Pawel BR. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor in the abdomen and pelvis: report of CT findings in 11 affected children and young adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(6):1910–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Tateishi U, Hasegawa T, Kusumoto M, Oyama T, Ishikawa H, Moriyama N. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor: imaging findings associated with clinicopathologic features. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002;26(4):579–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lonnergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL. Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2002;22(4):911–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Berdon WE, Stylianos S, Ruzal-Shapiro C, Hoffer F, Cohen M. Neuroblastoma arising from the organ of Zuckerkandl: an unusual site with a favorable biologic outcome. Pediatr Radiol. 1999;29(7):497–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sandlund JT, Downing JR, Crist WM. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(19):1238–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Biko DM, Anupindi SA, Hernandez A, Kersun L, Bellah R. Childhood Burkitt lymphoma: abdominal and pelvic imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(5):1304–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Hamrick-Turner JE, Saif MF, Powers CI, Blumenthal BI, Royal SA, Iyer RV. Imaging of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma: assessment by histologic subtype. Radiographics. 1994;14(1):11–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ng YY, Healy JC, Vincent JM, Kingston JE, Armstrong P, Reznek RH. The radiology of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in childhood: a review of 80 cases. Clin Radiol. 1994;49(9):594–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Miller RW, Young JL Jr, Novakovic B. Childhood cancer. Cancer. 1995;75(1 Suppl):395–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Chung CJ, Fordham L, Little S, Rayder S, Nimkin K, Kleinman PK, Watson C. Intraperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma in children: incidence and imaging characteristics on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170(5):1385–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Pickhardt PF, Bhalla S. Primary neoplasms of peritoneal and subperitoneal origin: CT findings. Radiographics. 2005;25(4):983–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Bagley LJ. Imaging of spinal trauma. Radiol Clin N Am. 2006;44(1):1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Madiba TE, Muckart DJ. Retroperitoneal hematoma and related organ injury: management approach. S Afr J Surg. 2001;39(2):41–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Archana Malik .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Malik, A. (2020). Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum. In: Lee, E., Liszewski, M., Gee, M., Daltro, P., Restrepo, R. (eds) Pediatric Body MRI. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31989-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31989-2_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-31988-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-31989-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics