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RPE Polarity and Barrier Function

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Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Health and Disease

Abstract

The RPE separates the photoreceptor side of the neurosensory retina from its choroidal blood supply. Because choroidal capillaries are fenestrated, the RPE functions as the outer blood-retinal barrier. The outer blood-retinal barrier is a dynamic interplay among many cellular processes including the absorption of water, the visual cycle, phagocytosis, and membrane transport. Critical to the barrier’s function, epithelial cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of proteins between the apical (facing the subretinal space) and basolateral (facing the choroid) plasma membranes. Cell polarity is maintained by tight junctions, which separate the two plasma membrane domains. Tight junctions are also semi-permeable, semi-selective barriers to the transepithelial diffusion of solutes through the paracellular spaces between neighboring cells. Claudins are tight junction proteins that determine selectivity and help determine permeability. In RPE, claudin-19 functions in coordination with RPE-enriched membrane transporters. Further, claudin-19 is a signaling protein that helps determine the RPE phenotype. Experimental assessments of the function of tight junctions are often reduced to the expression of a few proteins or a few simple measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance or the transcellular diffusion of a few tracers. Although convenient for monitoring cultures, this approach ignores the dynamics of this complex structure and can lead to incomplete conclusions. This chapter explores how these principals manifest in the RPE.

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  1. Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Lawrence J. Rizzolo

  2. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Lawrence J. Rizzolo

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Rizzolo, L.J. (2020). RPE Polarity and Barrier Function. In: Klettner, A., Dithmar, S. (eds) Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Health and Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28384-1_2

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