Abstract
The seed is a functional element of sexual reproduction of higher plant. In nature, the humble beginning of the independent life of higher plants starts along with seed germination. Seeds are the “mysterious genetic capsules” which store the genetic information and carry forward to next progeny. The zygotic embryo present inside the botanical seed serves as propagule to produce offspring, and these embryos are always heterozygous because of the recombination during meiotic crossing over in the course of gamete formation as well as for mix-up of the genome of two different parents through cross-pollination. In seed-propagated crops, the agricultural yield is highly unstable due to heterozygosity among seed-derived plants. The answer of this problem is synthetic seeds—the functional mimic of botanical seeds.
Synthetic seed is one of the most promising tools of plant biotechnology, which could be tailor-made for horti- and agricultural improvement at present as well as upcoming days. As all the propagules used for synthetic seed preparation are produced through in vitro clonal propagation, which means they did not encounter two fundamental events of sexual reproduction, the meiotic recombination (during crossing over) and gametic fusion of two different parental genome (cross-pollination), both of these events can create new types of heterozygosity in zygotic seeds. Therefore synthetic seed-derived offspring are always true to type to their source plant. Although, unlike zygotic seed, new types of heterozygosity are never generated in synthetic seeds, the heterozygosity already existed in the mother plant is always transmitted in all synthetic seed-derived offspring.
However, the heterozygosity problem will be totally avoidable, and production of homozygous synthetic seeds is also possible only by using double haploid source plant, because double haploid plants are always truly homozygous. Otherwise synthetic seed technology can only aid to restrict the formation of new types of heterozygosity in offspring, which are abundant in botanical seeds.
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The authors acknowledge Swami Kamalasthananda, Principal, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata, India, for the facilities provided. Further, the DST-FIST programme is also acknowledged hereby for infrastructural facilities.
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Ghosh, B., Haque, S.M. (2019). Synthetic Seeds: An Alternative Approach for Clonal Propagation to Avoiding the Heterozygosity Problem of Natural Botanical Seeds. In: Faisal, M., Alatar, A. (eds) Synthetic Seeds . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24631-0_4
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