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Genetics and Breeding of Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider]

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Industrial and Food Crops

Abstract

Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider, is a dioecious, extremely heterogeneous perennial shrub, native to the Sonoran Desert of North America where it has long been known as a source of oil, used for medicine and food, as well as a browse plant. Analysis of jojoba oil revealed that it is a unique liquid wax, similar to sperm whale oil, maintaining viscosity at very high temperatures. Jojoba oil gained worldwide interest for industrial, pharmaceutical and cosmetic use, as a lubricant, and an ingredient for medicines, cosmetics, toiletries and livestock feed. Jojoba also gained interest for afforestation, abatement of desert creep, browse and development of marginal lands, as well as a source of income for local inhabitants. Seed propagation is not economical and rooted cuttings from selected elites are the current commercial means of propagation. Cultivars with high yield and oil quality were selected and given mainly coded names. The females Barindji, Wadi-Wadi and Waradgery, and males Dadi and Guyambul were selected in Australia. Equipment has been developed in Argentina for transplanting cuttings, pruning the plants and preparing the soil surface for harvest. Environmental variation has significant effect on jojoba yield. The feasibility is demonstrated of using RAPD-PCR in distinguishing between jojoba sexes and producing wax esters in transgenic plants by expression of genes derived from jojoba. Rutherglen bug, aphids and Heliothis caterpillar insects, spider mites, Fusarium oxysporum and black scab (Elsinoë sp.) fungi cause minor damage to jojoba.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Agriculture, Dongola University, Dongola, Sudan

    Mohamed M. A. Khairi

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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Jojoba

Institute name

Specialization research activities

Contact and location

American Jojoba Association

Provides jojoba services

1688 W Adams, Phoenix, AZ 85007

Tel: (520) 624-6663

Fax: (520) 624-6842

Arid Lands Studies

Maintains a comprehensive collection of jojoba literature, and may provide photocopies of any jojoba-related article.

The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85706, USA

https://alrs.arizona.edu/

International Jojoba Association

Nonprofit organization of growers, processors, researchers, and suppliers promoting the advancement of the jojoba industry. It holds conferences and symposia and distributes jojoba information, including a membership directory), reprints of a feature article on jojoba from the Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society), and this report

Wm Howard O’Brien, 4350 East Camelback Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85018, USA

International Jojoba Export Council

Identify new jojoba market opportunities, derivatives and co-products; promote the use of jojoba as a natural, renewable and biodegradable resource; promulgate and distribute uniform standards for jojoba products; keep an open forum for technical collaboration; improve farming and harvesting technique

4250 North Civic Center, Scottsdale, Arizona, 85251–3900

Email:

http://ijec.net/

Jojoba Association of Australia

Devoted to jojoba

325 Riley Street, Surry Hills, New South Wales 2010, Australia

Jojoba Happenings

An official publication of Jojoba Grower’s Association. Provides information on the latest jojoba developments and editorials, literature reviews, and advertisements for organizations selling such things as seed, oil, equipment, and land

805 North Fourth Avenue, Suite 404, Phoenix, Arizona 85003, USA. Phone: (602) 253-5470

Latin America Association for Jojoba

Devoted to jojoba

Ricardo Ayerza, La Magdalena, Cerrito 822 – 7° piso, (1010) Buenos Aires, Argentina

Texas Jojoba Growers Association

Devotes to jojoba

Fred Jordan, 3616 Howell, Dallas, Texas 75204, USA

The Jojoba Society of America

Devoted to jojoba

T. K. Miwa, 2086 East La Jolla Drive, Tempe, Arizona 85282, USA

1.2 Appendix II: Jojoba Genetic Resources

Cultivation location

Important traitsa

El-Behara, Egypt

EAI 1 and EAI 4 recommended for commercial production

Australia dry inland areas: New South Wales

Three female varieties (Barindji, Wadi-Wadi, Waradgery) and two male varieties (Dadi-Dadi, Guyambul) selected by CSIRO

Bañado de los Pantanos, La Rioja, Tucuman and Mendoza, Catamarca Province, Argentina

The maximum values corresponded to lipids (58.47% in clone 206), proteins (25.58% in clone 403) and tannins (3.95% in clone 503). Long chilling requirement traits to withstand cold weather

Negev Desert, Israel

Some selected clones

  1. aNo commercial jojoba cultivars have been released officially. Research work in several countries is still in progress to establish reliable commercial cultivars

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Khairi, M.M.A. (2019). Genetics and Breeding of Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider]. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Industrial and Food Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23265-8_8

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