Abstract
Maize is one of the major staple foods in the world, along with other cereals such as wheat, rice, and sorghum. Apart from this, maize is also a plant for science and technology. Many basic and applied phenomena are discovered and applied by using this plant to prove their worth before generalization. Hybrid seed production, which is a well accepted breeding technique now, was identified and practically applied on maize to significantly enhance per unit area production. Genetically modified (GM) crops were introduced for the first time in the world in 1995, and now approximately 200 million hectares of GM crops are grown in 26 countries of the world. Bt maize, herbicide-tolerant soybean, and Bt cotton were among the pioneering crops harboring this technology. Since the introduction of GM technology, continuous efforts are going on to develop GM maize to improve various agronomic, quality, and value addition traits. Imparting stress tolerance is of utmost importance in maize and other cereals. Under the climate change scenario, abiotic stress tolerance has gained major importance. There may be emergencies for eradicating weeds because of sudden rains, drought may be established by the unavailability of water for a week, and temperature fluctuations may establish stress from heat or frost. Maize, being a C4 plant, needs a continuous supply of nutrients and water for its extensive photosynthesis. When there is any interruption to such supply of water and nutrients, plants experience stress, which may result in complete crop failures within a short span of time. In this chapter we have tried to impart the importance of maize in food security and energy production and how abiotic stresses can affect crop performance. We also analyzed techniques being used for maize transformation, and how resolution of various stresses is being tried using this technology, to see potential opportunities for improving the quality and production of maize.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abhishek A, Kumari R, Karjagi CG, Kumar P, Kuma B, Dass S et al (2014) Tissue culture independent Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated in planta transformation method for tropical maize (Zea mays.L). Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 86:375–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-014-0454-0
Afzal M, Nazir Z, Bashir MH, Khan BS (2009) Analysis of host plant resistance in some genotypes of maize against Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). Pak J Bot 41(1):421–428
Agapito-Tenfen S, Lopez FR, Mallah N, Abou‐Slemayne G, Trtikova M, Nodari RO, Wickson F (2017) Transgene flow in Mexican maize revisited: socio‐biological analysis across two contrasting farmer communities and seed management systems. Ecol Evol 7(22):9461–9472
Amara I, Capellades M, Ludevid MD, Pagès M, Goday A (2013) Enhanced water stress tolerance of transgenic maize plants over-expressing LEA Rab28 gene. J Plant Physiol 170(9):864–873
Amoah BK, Wu H, Sparks C, Jones HD (2001) Factors influencing Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression of uid A in wheat inflorescence tissue. J Exp Bot 52(358):1135–1142
Bänziger M, Setimela PS, Hodson D, Vivek B (2006) Breeding for improved abiotic stress tolerance in maize adapted to southern Africa. Agric Water Manag 80(1-3):212–224
Barampuram S, Zhang ZJ (2011) Recent advances in plant transformation. Plant chromosome engineering. Springer, New York, NY, pp 1–35
Basra A (2000) Crop responses and adaptations to temperature stress: new insights and approaches. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Benevenuto RF, Agapito-Tenfen SZ, Vilperte V, Wikmark O-G, van Rensburg PJ, Nodari RO (2017) Molecular responses of genetically modified maize to abiotic stresses as determined through proteomic and metabolomic analyses. PLoS One 12(2):e0173069
Boyer JS (1982) Plant productivity and environment. Science 218(4571):443–448
Boyer J, Westgate M (2004) Grain yields with limited water. J Exp Bot 55:2385–2394
Brettschneider R, Becker D, Lörz H (1997) Efficient transformation of scutellar tissue of immature maize embryos. Theor Appl Genet 94(6-7):737–748
Byerlee DR, Kelly VA, Kopicki RJ, Morris M (2007) Fertilizer use in African agriculture: lessons learned and good practice guidelines (English). World Bank, Washington, DC
Campos H, Cooper M, Habben JE, Edmeades GO, Schussler JR (2004) Improving drought tolerance in maize: a view from industry. Field Crop Res 90(1):19–34
Cao G, Liu Y, Zhang S, Yang X, Chen R, Zhang Y, Wei L, Liu Y, Wang J, Lin M (2012) A novel 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase shows high glyphosate tolerance in Escherichia coli and tobacco plants. PLoS One 7(6):e38718
Chaparro-Giraldo A, Blanco M, Teresa J, López-Pazos SA (2015) Evidence of gene flow between transgenic and non-transgenic maize in Colombia. Agron Colomb 33(3):297–304
Chaves MM (1991) Effects of water deficits on carbon assimilation. J Exp Bot 42(1):1–16
Chumakov MI, Rozhok NA, Velikov VA, Tyrnov VS, Volokhina IV (2006) Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transformation of maize via pistil filaments. Russ J Genet 42(8):893–897
Coe EH, Sarkar KR (1966) Preparation of nucleic acids and a genetic transformation attempt in maize 1. Crop Sci 6(5):432–435
Dai S, Zheng P, Marmey P, Zhang S, Tian W, Chen S, Beachy RN, Fauquet C (2001) Comparative analysis of transgenic rice plants obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment. Mol Breed 7(1):25–33
De Groote H (2002) Maize yield losses from stemborers in Kenya. Int J Trop Insect Sci 22(2):89–96
Dively GP, Rose R, Sears MK, Hellmich RL, Stanley-Horn DE, Calvin DD, Russo JM, Anderson PL (2004) Effects on monarch butterfly larvae (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) after continuous exposure to Cry1Ab-expressing corn during anthesis. Environ Entomol 33(4):1116–1125
Edmeades GO, Tollenaar M (1990) Genetic and cultural improvements in maize production. Paper read at Proceedings of the international congress of plant physiology, New Delhi, India, 15–20 February 1988, vol 1
Evenson RE, Gollin D (2003) Assessing the impact of the green revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science 300:758–762
FAO (2017–2018) GIEWS - global information and early warning system Food and Agriculture Organization. Washington, DC. http://www.fao.org/GIEWS/English/fo/index.htm
FAOSTAT (2013) FAO statistical yearbook. Rome, Italy. isbn: 978-92-5-107396-4
Farooq M, Hussain M, Wakeel A, Siddique KHM (2015) Salt stress in maize: effects, resistance mechanisms, and management. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 35(2):461–481
Frame BR, Zhang H, Cocciolone SM, Sidorenko LV, Dietrich CR, Pegg SE, Zhen S, Schnable PS, Wang K (2000) Production of transgenic maize from bombarded type II callus: effect of gold particle size and callus morphology on transformation efficiency. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 36(1):21–29
Fromm ME, Morrish F, Armstrong C, Williams R, Thomas J, Klein TM (1990) Inheritance and expression of chimeric genes in the progeny of transgenic maize plants. Bio/technology 8(9):833
Funke T, Han H, Healy-Fried ML, Fischer M, Schönbrunn E (2006) Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103(35):13010–13015
Gelvin SB (2003) Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: the biology behind the “gene-jockeying” tool. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67(1):16–37
Gewin V (2003) Genetically modified corn—environmental benefits and risks. PLoS Biol 1(1):e8
Gordon-Kamm WJ et al (1990) Transformation of maize cells and regeneration of fertile transgenic plants. Plant Cell 2:603–618
Guosheng L, Qingwei Z, Juran Z, Yuping BI, Lei S (2002) Establishment of multiple shoot clumps from maize (Zea mays L.) and regeneration of herbicideresistant transgenic plantlets. Scie China 45(1):40–49
Haughn GW, Somerville C (1986) Sulfonylurea-resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet 204(3):430–434
He M, Yang Z-Y, Nie Y-F, Wang J, Xu P (2001) A new type of class I bacterial 5-enopyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase mutants with enhanced tolerance to glyphosate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1568(1):1–6
Hooykaas PJJ, Schilperoort RA (1992) Agrobacterium and plant genetic engineering. 10 Years plant molecular biology. Springer, New York, NY, pp 15–38
Hu T, Metz S, Chay C, Zhou HP, Biest N, Chen G, Cheng M, Feng X, Radionenko M, Lu F (2003) Agrobacterium-mediated large-scale transformation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using glyphosate selection. Plant Cell Rep 21(10):1010–1019
Husaini AM, Abdin MZ, Parray GA, Sanghera GS, Murtaza I, Alam T, Srivastava DK, Farooqi H, Khan HN (2010) Vehicles and ways for efficient nuclear transformation in plants. GM Crops 1(5):276–287
Iqbal MA, Bodner G, Heng LK, Eitzinger J, Hassan A (2010) Assessing yield optimization and water reduction potential for summer-sown and spring-sown maize in Pakistan. Agric Water Manag 97(5):731–737
Jones TJ (2009) Maize tissue culture and transformation: the first 20 years. Molecular genetic approaches to maize improvement. Springer, New York, NY, pp 7–27
Kellős T et al (2008) Effect of abiotic stress on antioxidants in maize. Acta Biol Szeged 52(1):173–174
Khan MA, Shahid Shaukat S, Altaf Khan M (2008) Economic benefits from irrigation of maize with treated effluent of waste stabilization ponds. Pak J Bot 40(3):1091–1098
Kim HA, Utomo SD, Kwon SY, Min SR, Kim JS, Yoo HS, Choi PS (2009) The development of herbicide-resistant maize: stable Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize using explants of type II embryogenic calli. Plant Biotechnol Rep 3(4):277–283
Laillou A, Van Pham T, Tran NT, Le HT, Wieringa F, Rohner F, Fortin S, Le MB, Do TT, Moench-Pfanner R (2012) Micronutrient deficits are still public health issues among women and young children in Vietnam. PLoS One 7(4):e34906
Leprince O, Buitink J (2010) Desiccation tolerance: from genomics to the field. Plant Sci 179(6):554–564
Li S, Dai RL, Qin Z, Shen ZH, Wang YF (2001) The effects of Ag+ on the absorption of trace metal ion during the somatic embryogenesis of Lycium barbarum. L Shi yan sheng wu xue bao 34(2):127–130
Lowe K, Bowen B, Hoerster G, Ross M, Bond D, Pierce D, Gordon-Kamm B (1995) Germline transformation of maize following manipulation of chimeric shoot meristems. Biotechnology 13(7):677
Maiti RK, Maiti LE, Maiti S, Maiti AM, Maiti M, Maiti H (1996) Genotypic variability in maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) for resistance to drought and salinity at the seedling stage. J Plant Physiol 148(6):741–744
Mamontova EM, Velikov VA, Volokhina IV, Chumakov MI (2010) Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transformation of maize germ cells. Russ J Genet 46(4):501–504. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795410040186
Mazur BJ, Chui CF, Smith JK (1987) Isolation and characterization of plant genes coding for acetolactate synthase, the target enzyme for two classes of herbicides. Plant Physiol 85(4):1110–1117
Moiseeva YM, Velikov VA, Volokhina IV, Gusev YS, Yakovleva OS, Chumakov MI (2014) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize with antisense suppression of the proline dehydrogenase gene by an in planta method. Br Biotechnol J 4(2):116
Motto M, Hartings H, Fracassetti M, Consonni G (2012) Grain quality-related traits in maize: gene identification and exploitation. Maydica 56(3)
Mumm RH, Goldsmith PD, Rausch KD, Stein HH (2014) Land usage attributed to corn ethanol production in the United States: sensitivity to technological advances in corn grain yield, ethanol conversion, and co-product utilization. Biotechnol Biofuels 7(1):61
Muoma O, Vincent J, Ombori O (2014) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of selected Kenyan maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes by introgression of nicotiana protein kinase (npk1) to enhance drought tolerance. Am J Plant Sci 05(06):863–883. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.56100
Nijmeijer, A. 2013. Environmental risks of Bt-maize and transgenic drought tolerant maize.
Niogret MF, Culiáñez‐Macià FA, Goday A, Alba MM, Pagès M (1996) Expression and cellular localization of rab28 mRNA and Rab28 protein during maize embryogenesis. Plant J 9(4):549–557
Oerke E-C (2006) Crop losses to pests. J Agric Sci 144(1):31–43
Omer RA, Matheka JM, Ali AM, Machuka J (2013) Transformation of tropical maize with the NPK1 gene for drought tolerance. Int J Genet Eng 3(2):7–14
Passioura JB (1996) Drought and drought tolerance. Plant Growth Regul 20(2):79–83
Pellegrino E, Bedini S, Nuti M, Ercoli L (2018) Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data. Sci Rep 8(1):3113
Prasad PVV, Staggenborg SA (2009) Growth and production of sorghum and millets. In: Soils, plant growth and crop production, vol 2
Quan R, Shang M, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zhang J (2004) Improved chilling tolerance by transformation with betA gene for the enhancement of glycinebetaine synthesis in maize. Plant Sci 166(1):141–149
Ren Z-j, Cao G-y, Zhang Y-w, Liu Y, Liu Y-j (2015) Overexpression of a modified AM79 aroA gene in transgenic maize confers high tolerance to glyphosate. J Integr Agric 14(3):414–422
Rosegrant MR, Ringler C, Sulser TB, Ewing M, Palazzo A, Zhu T, Nelson GC, Koo J, Robertson R, Msangi S (2009) Agriculture and food security under global change: prospects for 2025/2050. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, pp 145–178
Sakamoto A, Murata N (2002) The role of glycine betaine in the protection of plants from stress: clues from transgenic plants. Plant Cell Environ 25(2):163–171
Sanford JC (1990) Biolistic plant transformation. Physiol Plant 79(1):206–209
Shiferaw B, Prasanna BM, Hellin J, Bänziger M (2011) Crops that feed the world 6. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by maize in global food security. Food Secur 3(3):307
Shou H, Bordallo P, Wang K (2004) Expression of the Nicotiana protein kinase (NPK1) enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic maize. J Exp Bot 55(399):1013–1019
Singletary GW, Banisadr R, Keeling PL (1994) Heat stress during grain filling in maize: effects on carbohydrate storage and metabolism. Funct Plant Biol 21(6):829–841
Steinrücken HC, Amrhein N (1980) The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 94(4):1207–1212
Sun H, Lang Z, Wei L, Zhang J, He K, Li Z, Min L, Huang D (2015a) Developing transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) with insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance by fusion gene transformation. J Integr Agric 14:305–313
Sun Y, Liu X, Li L, Guan Y, Zhang J (2015b) Production of transgenic maize germplasm with multi-traits of insect-resistance, glyphosate-resistance and droughttolerance. Sci Agric Sin 48:215–228
Taylor NJ, Fauquet CM (2002) Microparticle bombardment as a tool in plant science and agricultural biotechnology. DNA Cell Biol 21(12):963–977
Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418(6898):671
Travella S, Ross SM, Harden J, Everett C, Snape JW, Harwood WA (2005) A comparison of transgenic barley lines produced by particle bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated techniques. Plant Cell Rep 23(12):780–789
Wang H, Qin F (2017) Genome-wide association study reveals natural variations contributing to drought resistance in crops. Front Plant Sci 8:1110
Wang H-Y, Li Y-F, Xie L-X, Xu P (2003) Expression of a bacterial aroA mutant, aroA-M1, encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase for the production of glyphosate-resistant tobacco plants. J Plant Res 116(6):455–460
Wang C-R, Yang A-F, Yue G-D, Gao Q, Yin H-Y, Zhang J-R (2008) Enhanced expression of phospholipase C 1 (ZmPLC1) improves drought tolerance in transgenic maize. Planta 227(5):1127–1140
Wang T, Picard JC, Tian X, Darmency H (2010) A herbicide-resistant ACCase 1781 Setaria mutant shows higher fitness than wild type. Heredity 105(4):394
White JW, Reynolds MP (2003) A physiological perspective on modeling temperature response in wheat and maize crops. Modeling temperature response in wheat and maize, vol 8. CIMMYT, México
Xiao B, Huang Y, Tang N, Xiong L (2007) Over-expression of a LEA gene in rice improves drought resistance under the field conditions. Theor Appl Genet 115(1):35–46
Yang S, Vanderbeld B, Wan J, Huang Y (2010) Narrowing down the targets: towards successful genetic engineering of drought-tolerant crops. Mol Plant 3(3):469–490
Yu G-R, Yan L, Wen-Ping D, Jun S, Min L, Li-Yuan X, Xiao F-M, Liu Y-S (2013) Optimization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated immature embryo transformation system and transformation of glyphosate-resistant gene 2mG2-EPSPS in maize (Zea mays L.). J Integr Agric 12(12):2134–2142
Zhai S, Sui Z, Yang A, Zhang J (2005) Characterization of a novel phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C from Zea mays and its expression in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 27(11):799–804
Zhou M, Xu H, Wei X, Ye Z, Wei L, Gong W, Wang Y, Zhu Z (2006) Identification of a glyphosate-resistant mutant of rice 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase using a directed evolution strategy. Plant Physiol 140(1):184–195
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Pakistan Science Foundation Pakistan for funding this research under NSLP/AU-(168) and Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31671720) and Distinguished Scholars Research Foundation of Jiangsu University (No. 10JDG134), who funded the first author for Ph.D. studies and kept her in touch with science.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zafar, S. et al. (2019). GM Maize for Abiotic Stresses: Potentials and Opportunities. In: Wani, S. (eds) Recent Approaches in Omics for Plant Resilience to Climate Change. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21687-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21687-0_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-21686-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-21687-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)