Abstract
Endophytic fungi inhabit plant tissues, in either a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship, without harming the host plant. They are known for the production of secondary metabolites, which shield the host from invading pathogens. Endophytic fungi produce extracellular enzymes like laccases that have a potential role to play in dye decolorization. Dyes are complex organic compounds that are derived from biological, chemical, and physical processes and are useful for all industries, but mainly the textile, leather, paper, and food industries. In contrast, the world faces ecological problems due to the toxicity of synthetic compounds. They are nondegradable and persist for a long time. This chapter focuses on the decolorization of various dyes through endophytic fungi using various processes like biomagnification, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and enzymatic degradation. Moreover, this chapter explains the efficiency of endophytic fungi in the degradation of various dyes, for example, Congo red, methyl orange, methyl red, and crystal violet. Therefore, it is essential to carry out toxicity studies on dye degradation and to develop an eco-friendly technology that may degrade dyes easily.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abedin RMA (2008) Decolorization and biodegradation of crystal violet and malachite green by Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo. A comparative study on biosorption of dyes by the dead fungal biomass. AEJB 1:17–31
Aksu Z (2003) Reactive dye bioaccumulation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Process Biochem 38:1437–1444
Aksu Z, Donmez G (2005) Combined effects of molasses sucrose and reactive dye on the growth and dye bioaccumulation properties of Candida tropicalis. Process Biochem 40:2443–2454
Arora DS, Sharma RK (2010) Ligninolytic fungal laccases and their biotechnological applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160(6):1760–1788
Asad S, Amoozegar MA, Pourbabaee AA, Sarbolouki MN, Dastgheib SM (2007) Decolorization of textile dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. Bioresour Technol 98:2082–2088
Asgher M, Shah SAH, Ali M, Legge RL (2006) Decolorization of some reactive textile dyes by white rot fungi isolated in Pakistan. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:89–93
Asgher M, Bhatti HN, Ashraf M, Legge RL (2008) Recent developments in biodegradation of industrial pollutants by white rot fungi and their enzyme system. Biodegradation 19:771–783
Balaji V, Vinayagamoorthi D, Palanisamy A, Anbalagan S (2012) Degradation of reactive Red HE7B and Yellow FN2R dyes by fungal isolates. J Acad Indus Res 1(3):132–136
Banat IM, Nigam P, Singh D, Marchant R (1996) Microbial decolorization of textile-dye-containing effluents: a review. Bioresour Technol 61:103–103
Bayramoglu G, Arica MY (2007) Biosorption of benzidine based textile dyes “Direct Blue 1 and Direct Red 128” using native and heat-treated biomass of Trametes versicolor. J Hazard Mater 143:135–143
Ben Younes S, Bouallagui Z, Sayadi S (2012) Catalytic behaviour and detoxifying ability of an atypical homotrimeric laccase from the thermophilic strain Scytalidium thermophilum on selected Azo and Triarylmethane dyes. J Mol Catal B Enzym 79:41–48
Bezalel L, Hadar Y, Cerniglia CE (1997) Enzymatic mechanisms involved in phenantrene degradation by white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2495–2501
Bhardwaj A, Agrawal P (2014) A review fungal endophytes: as a store house of bioactive compound. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 3:228–237
Borchert M, Libra JA (2001) Decolorization of reactive dyes by the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor in sequencing batch reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 75:313–321
Bulla LMC, Polonio JC, Portela-Castro ALB, Kava V, Azevedo JL, Pamphile JA (2017) Activity of the endophytic fungi Phlebia sp. and Paecilomyces formosus in decolourisation and the reduction o reactive dyes’ cytotoxicity in fish erythrocytes. Environ Monit Assess 189(88):1–11
Campos R, Kandelbauer A, Robra KH, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gubitz GM (2001) Indigo degradation with purified laccases from Trametes hirsuta and Sclerotium rolfsii. J Biotechnol 89:131–139
Campos PA, Levin LN, Wirth SA (2016) Heterologous production, characterization and dye decolorization ability of a novel thermostable laccase isoenzyme from Trametes trogii BAFC 463. Process Biochem 51:895–903
Cha CJ, Doerge DR, Cerniglia CE (2001) Biotransformation of Malachite Green by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4358–4360
Chagas EP, Durrant LR (2001) Decolorization of azo dyes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus sajorcaju. Enzym Microb Technol 29:473–477
Chanyal S, Agrawal PK (2017) Decolorization of textile by laccase from newly isolated endophytic fungus Daldinia sp. Kavaka 48(1):33–41
Chavan RB (1995) Revival of natural dyes—a word of caution to environmentalists. In: Symposium proceedings eco-friendly textile processing. India and Japan, IIT, Delhi, p 83–186
Chengaiah B, Rao KM, Kumar KM, Alagusundaram M, Chetty CM (2010) Medicinal importance of natural dyes—a review. Int J PharmTech Res 2(1):144–154
Chung KT, Stevens SE (1993) Decolorization of azo dyes environmental microorganisms and helminthes. Environ Toxicol Chem 12:2121–2132
Conneely A, Smyth WF, McMullan G (2002) Study of the white-rot fungal degradation of selected phthalocyanine dyes by capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 451:259–270
Couto SR, Rivela I, Munoz MR, Sanroma’n A (2000) Stimulation of ligninolytic enzyme production and the ability to decolorize Poly R-478 in semi-solid-state cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Bioresour Technol 74:159–164
Cripps C, Bumpus JA, Aust SD (1990) Biodegradation of azo and heterocyclic dyes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1114–1148
Eichlerova I, Homolka L, Lisa L, Nerud F (2005) Orange G and Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolorization by white rot fungi Dichomitus squalens, Ischnoderma resinosum and Pleurotus. Chemosphere 60:398–404
Elbanna K, Hassan G, Khider M, Mandour R (2010) Safe biodegradation of textile azo dyes by newly isolated lactic acid bacteria and detection of plasmids associated with degradation. J Bioremed Biodegr 1:1–6
Forgacs E, Cserhati T, Oros G (2004) Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review. Environ Int 30:953–971
Fu Y, Viraraghavan T (2001) Fungal decolourization of dye wastewaters: a review. Bioresour Technol 79:251–262
Gahlout M, Gupte S, Gupte A (2013) Optimization of culture condition for enhanced decolorization and degradation of azo dye reactive violet 1 with concomitant production of ligninolytic enzymes by Ganoderma cupreum AG-1. 3 Biotech 3(2):143–152
Golinska P, Wypij M, Agarkar G, Rathod D, Dahm H, Rai M (2015) Endophytic actinobacteria of medicinal plants: diversity and bioactivity. Anton Van Leeuwen 108:267–289
Gou M, Qu Y, Zhou J, Ma F, Tan L (2009) Azo dye decolorization by a new fungal isolate Penicillium sp. QQ and fungal-bacterial cocultures. J Hazard Mater 170:314–319
Gouda S, Das G, Sen SK, Shin HS, Patra JK (2016) Endophytes: a treasure house of bioactive compounds of medicinal importance. Front Microbiol 7:1538
Guaratini CCI, Zanoni MVB (2000) Textile dyes. Química Nova 23(1):71–78
Harvey JW, Keith AS (1983) Studies of the efficacy and potential hazards of methylene blue therapy in aniline-induced haemoglobinaemia. Br J Haematol 54(1):29–41
Hassani AH, Mirzayee R, Nasseri S, Borghei M, Gholami M, Torabifar B (2008) Nanofiltration process on dye removal from simulated textile wastewater. Int J Environ Sci Technol 5(3):401–408
Heinfling A, Martı’nez MJ, Martínez AT, Bergbauer M, Szewzyk U (1998) Transformation of industrial dyes by manganese peroxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eringii in a manganese-independent reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2788–2793
Heinfling-Weidtmann A, Reemtsma T, Storm T, Szewzyk U (2001) Sulfophthalimide as major metabolite formed from sulfonated phthalocyanine dyes by the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta. FEMS Microbiol Lett 203:179–183
Husain Q (2010) Peroxidase mediated decolorization and remediation of wastewater containing industrial dyes: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 9(2):117–140
Iqbal M, Saeed A (2007) Biosorption of reactive dye by loofa sponge-immobilized fungal biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Process Biochem 42:1160–1164
Jalgaonwala RE, Mohite BV, Mahajan RT (2011) Natural products from plant associated endophytic fungi. J Microbiol Biotechnol Res 1:21–32
Jarosz-Wilkołazka A, Rdest-Kochman˜ ska J, Malarczyk E, Wardas W, Leonowicz A (2002) Fungi and their ability to decolorize azo and antraquinonic dyes. Enzym Microb Technol 30:566–572
Kabbout R, Taha S (2014) Biodecolorization of textile dye effluent by biosorption on fungal biomass materials. Phys Procedia 55:437–444
Khan RP, Bhawana FMH (2013) Microbial decolorization and degradation of synthetic dyes: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 12(1):75–97
Kirk TK, Farrell RL (1987) Enzymatic “combustion”: the microbial degradation of lignin. Annu Rev Microbiol 41:465–505
Kumara MP, Soujanya KN, Ravikanth G, Vasudeva R, Gane- shaiah KN, Uma Shaanker R (2014) Rohitukine, a chromone alkaloid and a precursor of flavopiridol, is produced by endophytic fungi isolated from Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook.f and Amoora rohituka (Roxb). Phytomedicine 21:541–546
Levin L, Papinutti L, Forchiassin F (2004) Evaluation of Argentinean white-rot fungi for their ability to produce lignin-modifying enzymes and decolorize industrial dyes. Bioresour Technol 94:169–176
Maas R, Chaudhari S (2005) Adsorption and biological decolourization of azo dye Reactive Red 2 in semicontinuous anaerobic reactors. Process Biochem 40(2):699–705
Marcharchand S, Ting ASY (2017) Trichoderma asperellum cultured in reduced concentrations of synthetic medium retained dye decolourization efficacy. J Environ Manag 203(1):542–549
Martins MAM, Lima N, Silvestre AJD, Queiroz MJ (2003) Comparative studies of fungal degradation of single or mixed bioaccessible reactive azo dyes. Chemosphere 52:967–973
Mcmullan G, Mehan C, Conneely A, Kirby N, Robinson T, Nigam P, Banat IM, Marchant R, Smyth WF (2001) Microbial decolourisation and degradation of textile dyes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56(1–2):81–87
Mishra VK, Passari AK, Singh BP (2016) In vitro antimycotic and biosynthetic potential of fungal endophytes associated with Schima Wallichii. In: Kumar P et al (eds) Current trends in disease diagnostics. Springer International Publishing, Basel, pp 367–381
Mishra VK, Passari AK, Chandra P, Leo VV, Kumar B, Gupta VK, Singh BP (2017) Determination and production of antimicrobial compounds by Aspergillus clavatonanicus strain MJ31, an endophytic fungus from Mirabilis jalapa L. using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and TD GC-MS. PLoS One 12(10):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186234
Mittal A, Mittal J, Kurup L, Singh A (2006) Process development for the removal and recovery of hazardous dye erythrosine from wastewater by waste materials – bottom ash and de-oiled soya as adsorbents. J Hazard Mater 138(1):95–105
Moldes D, Couto SR, Cameselle C, MA S’n (2003) Study of the degradation of dyes by MnP of Phanerochaete chrysosporium produced in a fixed-bed bioreactor. Chemosphere 51:295–303
Moore SB, Ausley LW (2004) Systems thinking and green chemistry in the textile industry: concepts, technologies and benefits. J Clean Prod 12:585–601
Muthezhilan R, Vinoth S, Gopi K, Jaffar Hussain A (2014) A dye degrading potential of immobilized laccase from endophytic fungi of coastal sand dune plants. Int J Chem Tech Res 6(9):4154–4160
Nair DN, Padmavathy S (2014) Impact of endophytic microorganisms on plants, environment and humans. Sci World J 2014:11
Ngieng NS, Zulkharnain A, Roslan HA, Husaini A (2013) Decolorization of synthetic dyes by endophytic fungal flora isolated from Senduduk Plant (Melastoma malabathricum). Biotechnology 2013:260730
Novotny C, Erbanova P, Cajthaml T, Rothschild N, Dosoretz C, Sasek V (2000) Irpex lacteus, a white rot fungus applicable to water and soil bioremediation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 54:850–853
Novotny C, Rawal B, Bhatt M, Patel M, Sasek V, Molitoris HP (2001) Capacity of Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus for decolorization of chemically different dyes. J Biotechnol 89:113–122
Novotny C, Svobodova K, Kasinath A, Erbanova P (2004) Biodegradation of synthetic dyes by Irpex lacteus under various growth conditions. Int Biodeter Biodegr 54:215–223
O’Neill C, Hawkes F, Hawkes D, Lourenco N, Pinheiro H, Delee W (1999) Colour in textile effluents-sources, measurement, discharge consents and simulation: a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 74:1009–1018
Pant D, Singh A, Satyawali Y, Gupta RK (2008) Effect of carbon and nitrogen source amendment on synthetic dyes decolourizing efficiency of white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J Environ Biol 29:79–84
Podgornik H, Poljansek I, Perdih A (2001) Transformation of Indigo carmine by Phanerochaete chrysosporium ligninolytic enzymes. Enzym Microb Technol 29:166–172
Pointing SB (2001) Feasibility of bioremediation by white-rot fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57:20–33
Priti V, Ramesha BT, Singh S, Ravikanth G, Ganeshaiah KN, Suryanaraynan TS, Shaanker U (2009) How promising are endophytic fungi as alternative sources of plant secondary metabolites? Curr Sci 97(4):477–478
Puvaneswari N, Muthukrishnan J, Gunasekaran P (2006) Toxicity assessment and microbial degradation of azo dyes. Indian J Exp Biol 44:618 626
Rai M, Agarkar G, Rathod D (2014) Multiple applications of endophytic Colletotrichum species occurring in medicinal plants, in novel plant bioresources: applications in food, medicine and cosmetics. In: Gurib-Fakim A (ed) Novel plant bioresources. Wiley, Chichester, pp 227–236
Redman RS, Sheehan KB, Stout RG, Rodriguez RJ, Henson JM (2002) Thermotolerance conferred to plant host and fungal endophyte during mutualistic symbiosis. Science 298:1581
Robinson T, McMullan G, Marchant R, Nigam P (2001) Remediation of dyes in textile effluent a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. Bioresour Technol 77:247–255
Rodrigues E, Pickard A, Vazquez-Duhalt R (1999) Industrial dye decolorization by laccases from ligninolytic fungi. Curr Microbiol 38:27–32
Rodriguez RJ, Redman RS, Henson JM (2004) The role of fungal symbioses in the adaptation of plants to high stress environments. Mitig Adapt Strat Global Change 9:261–272
Rya RPK, Germaine A, Franks DJ, Ryan DN (2007) Bacterial endophytes: recent developments and applications. FEMS Microbiol Lett 278:1–9
Sack U, Heinze TM, Deck J, Cerniglia CE, Martens R, Zadrazil F, Fritsche W (1997) Comparison of phenantrene and pyrene degradation by different wood-decaying fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3919–3925
Saraf S, Vaidya VK (2015) Comparative study of biosorption of textile dyes using fungal biosorbents. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2:357–365
Saratale GD, Kalme SD, Govindwar SP (2006) Decolorisation of textile dyes by Aspergillus ochraceus (NCIM-1146). IJBT 5:407–410
Schulz B, Boyle C (2005) The endophytic continuum. Mycol Res 109:661–686
Sen SK, Raut S, Bandopadhyay P, Raut S (2016) Fungal decolouration and degradation of azo dyes: a review. Fungal Biol Rev 30(3):112–133
Shahid M, Mohammad F, Islam S (2013) Recent advancements in natural dye applications: a review. J Clean Prod 53:310–331
Shin KS, Oh IK, Kim CHJ (1997) Production and purification of Remazol brilliant blue decolorizing peroxidase from the culture filtrate of Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:1744–1748
Shweta S, Shivanna MB, Gurumurthy BR, Shaanker U, Santhosh Kumar TR, Ravikanth G (2014) Inhibition of fungal endophytes by camptothecine produced by their host plant, Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Grahm) Mabb. (Icacinaceae). Curr Sci 107:994–1000
Si J, Peng F, Cui BK (2013) Purification, biochemical characterization and dye decolorization capacity of an alkali-resistant and metal tolerant laccase from Trametes pubescens. Bioresour Technol 128:49–57
Singh R, Jain A, Panwar S, Gupta D, Khare SK (2005) Antimicrobial activity of some natural dyes. Dyes Pigments 66(2):99–102
Singh R, Singh P, Sharma R (2014) Microorganism as a tool of bioremediation technology for cleaning environment: a review. Proc Int Acad Ecol Environ Sci 4(1):1–6
Siva R (2007) Status of natural dyes and dye yielding plants in India. Curr Sci 92(7):916–925
Spadaro JT, Gold MH, Renganathan V (1992) Degradation of azo dyes by the lignin degrading fungus P chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microb 58:2397–2340
Specian V, Sarragiotto MH, Pamphile JA, Clemente E (2012) Chemical characterization of bioactive compounds from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe helianthi isolated from Luehea divaricata. Braz J Microbiol 43:1174–1182
Staniek A, Woerdenbag HJ, Kayser O (2008) Endophytes: exploiting biodiversity for the improvement of natural product-based drug discovery. J Plant Interact 3:75–98
Stolz A (2001) Basic and applied aspects in the microbial degradation of azo dyes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:69–80
Sun J, Guo N, Niu LL, Wang QF, Zang YP, Zu YG et al (2017) Production of laccase by a new Myrothecium verrucaria MD-R-16 isolated from Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and its application on dye decolorization. Molecules 22:673
Swamy J, Ramsay JA (1999a) The evaluation of white rot fungi in the decoloration of textile dyes. Enzym Microb Technol 24:130–137
Swamy J, Ramsay JA (1999b) Effects of Mn2+ and NHþ 4 concentrations on laccase and manganese peroxidase production and Amaranth decoloration by Trametes versicolor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 51:391–396
Tan RX, Zou WX (2001) Endophytes: a rich source of functional metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 18:448–459
Taskin M, Erdel S (2010) Reactive dye bioaccumulation by fungus Aspergillus niger isolated from the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil. Toxicol Ind Health 26(4):239–247
Ting ASY, Lee MVJ, Chow YY, Cheong SL (2016) Novel exploration of endophytic Diaporthe sp. for the biosorption and biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes. Water Air Soil Pollut 227:109
Tobin JM, White C, Gadd GM (1994) Metal accumulation by fungi: applications in environment biotechnology. J Ind Microbiol 13:126–130
Uzma F, Hashem A, Murthy N, Mohan HD, Kamath PV, Singh BP, Venkataramana M, Gupta VK, Siddaiah CN, Chowdappa S, Alqaeawi AA, Abd-Allah EF (2018) Endophytic fungi—alternative sources of cytotoxic compounds: a review. Front Pharmacol 9(309):1–37. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00309
Vankar PS (2000) Chemistry of natural dyes. Resonance 5(10):73–80
Welham A (2000) The theory of dyeing (and the secret of life). J Soc Dye Colour 116:140–143
Wu X, Monchy S, Taghavi S, Zhu W, Ramos J, Van der Lelie D (2010) Comparative genomics and functional analysis of niche specific adaptation in Pseudomonas putida. FEMS Microbiol Rev 35(2):299–323
Yang J, Li W, Ng TB, Deng X, Lin J, Ye X (2017) Laccases: production, expression, regulation, and applications in pharmaceutical biodegradation. Front Microbiol 8:832
Zeroual Y, Kim BS, Kim CS, Blaghen M, Lee KM (2006) Biosorption of Bromophenol blue from aqueous solutions by Rhizopus stolonifer biomass. Water Air Soil Pollut 177:135–146
Zhao J, Shan T, Mou Y, Zhou L (2011) Plant-derived bioactive compounds produced by endophytic fungi. Mini Rev Med Chem 11:159–168
Zhuo R, Yuan P, Yang Y, Zhang S, Ma F, Zhang X (2017) Induction of laccase by metal ions and aromatic compounds in Pleurotus ostreatus HAUCC 162 and decolorization of different synthetic dyes by the extracellular laccase. Biochem Eng J 117:62–72
Zollinger H (1987) Colour chemistry: synthesis, properties of organic dyes and pigments. VCH Publishers, New York, pp 92–100
Zollinger H (1991) Color chemistry: synthesis, properties and application of organic dyes and pigments. Angew Chem Int Ed 496:456–980
Zothanpuia PAK, Leo VV, Kumar B, Chnadra P, Nayak C, Hashem A, Abd Allah EF, Alqarawi AA, Singh BP (2018) Bioprospection of actinobacteria derived from freshwater sediments for their potential to produce antimicrobial compounds. Microb Cell Fact 17(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmy050
Acknowledgments
BPS is thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi, for financial support under DBT’s Unit of Excellence Programme for NE (102/IFD/SAN/4290-4291/2016-2017).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tochhawng, L., Mishra, V.K., Passari, A.K., Singh, B.P. (2019). Endophytic Fungi: Role in Dye Decolorization. In: Singh, B. (eds) Advances in Endophytic Fungal Research. Fungal Biology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03589-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03589-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03588-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03589-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)