Abstract
Reasons for Living (RFL) are reasons that persons identify for staying alive when otherwise considering suicide, including elements of life such as beliefs and values, interpersonal relationships, and socio-cultural and religious/spiritual concerns. Hence, they are specifically linked to the concept of resilience to suicidality. Aims of this chapter are (1) to provide a broad overview of the link between RFL and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, focusing on the different scales developed for assessing RFL; and (2) to describe specific therapeutic strategies for suicide prevention connected to RFL enhancement.
A literature web search was performed to identify studies focusing on the link between RFL and suicidal thoughts and behaviors from 1983 until June 2017. Since our aim was not to perform a systematic review, the most representative studies have been included.
Eight scales have been described and compared: the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFLI), the Reasons for Living inventory for Adolescents (RFL-A), the College Student Reasons for Living Inventory (CS-RFLI), the Reasons for Living inventory for Young Adults (RFL-YA), the Reasons for Living for Older Adults scale (RFL-OA), the Chinese-language Motivations for Living Inventory (CMLI), the Protective Reasons against Suicide Inventory (PRSI), and the Reasons for Living versus Reasons for Dying Assessment developed in the context of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS). Most historical evidence was attributed to the most studied measure, the RFLI: overall, a high total score was found to be potentially protective against both suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in clinical and non-clinical samples. Promising treatments specifically focusing on RFL enhancement include Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and CAMS, as well as Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapies (MBCT), Positive Psychology (PP), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and problem-solving therapies.
Further investigation of RFL differences among different cultures and ages is warranted and should also account for major social changes occurring since the development of the first instruments. Moreover, our suggestion is that a focus on RFL has the potential to be integrated into every therapeutic intervention aiming at suicide prevention.
Ada:
“What a death!
What a chance!
What a surprise!
My will has chosen life!
Still it has had me spooked and many others besides!”
(Campion, 1993)
Contributors: Raffaella Calati wrote the chapter. Emilie Olié and Déborah Ducasse contributed to the section “Preventive and therapeutic interventions.” Philippe Courtet supervised the writing.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Wilfred R. Bion (1897–1979) was a British psychoanalyst. According to him, truth is essential for the existence and growth of the mind and for psychic health (Bion, 1984).
Abbreviations
- ACT:
-
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- CAMS:
-
Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality
- CB:
-
Coping beliefs
- CC:
-
Child-related Concerns
- CFC:
-
College and Future-Related Concerns
- CMLI:
-
Chinese-language Motivations for Living Inventory
- CS-RFLI:
-
College Student Reasons for Living Inventory
- DBT:
-
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- EMIL:
-
Experienced Meaning in Life scale
- FA:
-
Family Alliance
- FD:
-
Fear of Death
- FE:
-
Future Expectations
- FMS:
-
Family Member Support
- F/O:
-
Family/Others
- FO:
-
Future Optimism
- FR:
-
Family Relations
- FrS:
-
Friend Support
- FS:
-
Fear of Suicide
- FSD:
-
Fear of Social Disapproval
- HF:
-
Hope for the Future
- LS:
-
Life Satisfaction
- MBCT:
-
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapies
- MIL:
-
Meaning in Life
- MO:
-
Moral Objections
- MRO:
-
Moral/Religious Objections
- NIFM:
-
Negative Impact on Family Members
- NSSI:
-
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
- PAS:
-
Peer-Acceptance and Support
- PASTOR:
-
Positive Appraisal Style Theory of Resilience
- PP:
-
Positive Psychology
- PR:
-
Peer Relations
- PRSI:
-
Protective Reasons against Suicide Inventory
- PSE:
-
Positive Self-Evaluation
- RB:
-
Religious Beliefs
- RF:
-
Responsibility to Family
- RFD:
-
Reasons for Dying
- RFF:
-
Responsibility to Friends and Family
- RFL:
-
Reasons for Living
- RFL-A:
-
Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents
- RFLI:
-
Reasons for Living Inventory
- RFL-OA:
-
Reasons for Living for Older Adults scale
- RFL-YA:
-
Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults
- SA:
-
Suicide Attempt
- SelfA:
-
Self-Acceptance
- SD:
-
Suicide Death
- SCB:
-
Survival and Coping Beliefs
- SI:
-
Suicidal Ideation
- SRC:
-
Suicide-Related Concerns
- TMBI:
-
Teachable Moment Brief Intervention
References
Aishvarya, S., Maniam, T., Karuthan, C., Sidi, H., Ruzyanei, N., & Oei, T. P. (2014). Psychometric properties and validation of the Reasons for Living Inventory in an outpatient clinical population in Malaysia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(1), S107–S113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.06.010
Bagge, C. L., & Linehan, M. M. (2000). Reasons for living versus reasons for dying. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 30(2), 180–181, author reply 182.
Bakhiyi, C. L., Calati, R., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2016). Do reasons for living protect against suicidal thoughts and behaviors? A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 77, 92–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.019
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
Bion, W. R. (1984). Elements of psychoanalysis. London: Karnac Books.
Britton, P. C., Duberstein, P. R., Conner, K. R., Heisel, M. J., Hirsch, J. K., & Conwell, Y. (2008). Reasons for living, hopelessness, and suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years or older. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(9), 736–741. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31817b609a
Calati, R., & Courtet, P. (2016). Is psychotherapy effective for reducing suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury rates? Meta-analysis and meta-regression of literature data. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 79, 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.04.003
Calati, R., Laglaoui Bakhiyi, C., Artero, S., Ilgen, M., & Courtet, P. (2015). The impact of physical pain on suicidal thoughts and behaviors: Meta-analyses. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 71, 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.09.004
Campion, J. (Writer). (1993). The Piano. In Jan Chapman Productions CiBy 2000 (Producer): Miramax Films (US).
Chan, D. W. (1995). Reasons for living among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 25(3), 347–357.
Chiesa, A., Anselmi, R., & Serretti, A. (2014). Psychological mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions: What do we know? Holistic Nursing Practice, 28(2), 124–148.
Chiesa, A., Calati, R., & Serretti, A. (2011). Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 449–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.003
Comtois, K. A., Jobes, D. A., O’Connor, S. S., Atkins, D. C., Janis, K., Chessen, C. E., … Yuodelis-Flores, C. (2011). Collaborative assessment and management of suicidality (CAMS): Feasibility trial for next-day appointment services. Depression and Anxiety, 28(11), 963–972. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20895
Cutcliffe, J. R., Stevenson, C., Jackson, S., & Smith, P. (2006). A modified grounded theory study of how psychiatric nurses work with suicidal people. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(7), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.09.001
Demyttenaere, K., Desaiah, D., Raskin, J., Cairns, V., & Brecht, S. (2014). Suicidal thoughts and reasons for living in hospitalized patients with severe depression: Post-hoc analyses of a double-blind randomized trial of duloxetine. Primary Care Companion to CNS Disorders, 16(3).
Dobrov, E., & Thorell, L. H. (2004). “Reasons For Living”--Translation, psychometric evaluation and relationships to suicidal behaviour in a Swedish random sample. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58(4), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480410005783
Ducasse, D., Rene, E., Beziat, S., Guillaume, S., Courtet, P., & Olie, E. (2014). Acceptance and Commitment therapy for management of suicidal patients: A pilot study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(6), 374–376. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365974
Edelstein, B. A., Heisel, M. J., McKee, D. R., Martin, R. R., Koven, L. P., Duberstein, P. R., & Britton, P. C. (2009). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Reasons for Living--Older Adults Scale: A suicide risk assessment inventory. Gerontologist, 49(6), 736–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp052
Ellis, T. E., Rufino, K. A., & Allen, J. G. (2017). A controlled comparison trial of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) in an inpatient setting: Outcomes at discharge and six-month follow-up. Psychiatry Research, 249, 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.032
Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 56–69.
Fassberg, M. M., Cheung, G., Canetto, S. S., Erlangsen, A., Lapierre, S., Lindner, R., … Waern, M. (2016). A systematic review of physical illness, functional disability, and suicidal behaviour among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 20(2), 166–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1083945
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Allison, E., & Campbell, C. (2017). What we have changed our minds about: Part 1. Borderline personality disorder as a limitation of resilience. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 4, 11.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226.
Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the Pleasure Principle. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XVIII (1920–1922): Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Group Psychology and Other Works, 1–64.
Garza, M. J., & Cramer, R. J. (2011). The Spanish Reasons for Living Inventory (SRFL-I): Factor structure and association with suicide risk among Spanish speaking Hispanics. Archives of Suicide Research, 15(4), 354–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2011.615704
Grotstein, J. S. (2004). The seventh servant: The implications of a truth drive in Bion’s theory of ‘O’. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 85(Pt 5), 1081–1101.
Gutierrez, P. M., Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., Kopper, B. A., Baker, M. T., & Haraburda, C. M. (2002). Development of the reasons for living inventory for young adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 339–357.
Hamza, C. A., Stewart, S. L., & Willoughby, T. (2012). Examining the link between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature and an integrated model. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.003
Heisel, M. J. (2009). Assessing experienced meaning in life among older adults: The development and initial validation of the EMIL. International Psychogeriatrics, 21(Supplement 2), S172–S173.
Heisel, M. J., & Flett, G. L. (2004). Purpose in life, satisfaction with life, and suicide ideation in a clinical sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(2), 127–135.
Heisel, M. J., Neufeld, E., & Flett, G. L. (2016). Reasons for living, meaning in life, and suicide ideation: Investigating the roles of key positive psychological factors in reducing suicide risk in community-residing older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 20(2), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1078279
Hooley, J. M., Franklin, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014). Chronic pain and suicide: Understanding the association. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 18(8), 435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-014-0435-2
Huang, L. B., Tsai, Y. F., Liu, C. Y., & Chen, Y. J. (2017). Influencing and protective factors of suicidal ideation among older adults. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 26(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12247
Huffman, J. C., DuBois, C. M., Healy, B. C., Boehm, J. K., Kashdan, T. B., Celano, C. M., … Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.006
Jobes, D. A. (2012). The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS): An evolving evidence-based clinical approach to suicidal risk. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 42(6), 640–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00119.x
Jobes, D. A., & Mann, R. E. (1999). Reasons for living versus reasons for dying: Examining the internal debate of suicide. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 29(2), 97–104.
Jobes, D. A., & Mann, R. E. (2000). Letters to the editors - Reply. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 30(2), 182.
Johnson, J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2011). Resilience to suicidality: The buffering hypothesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4), 563–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.12.007
Joiner, T. E., Brown, J. S., & Wingate, L. R. (2005). The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 287–314.
Kalisch, R., Muller, M. B., & Tuscher, O. (2015). A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, e92. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X1400082X
Kirkham, J. G., Choi, N., & Seitz, D. P. (2016). Meta-analysis of problem solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(5), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4358
Kleiman, E. M., & Beaver, J. K. (2013). A meaningful life is worth living: Meaning in life as a suicide resiliency factor. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 934–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.002
Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1977). The wish to die and the wish to live in attempted suicides. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(2), 361–365.
Kralovec, K., Kunrath, S., Fartacek, C., Pichler, E. M., & Ploderl, M. (2017). The gender-specific associations between religion/spirituality and suicide risk in a sample of Austrian psychiatric inpatients. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12349
Laglaoui Bakhiyi, C., Jaussent, I., Beziat, S., Cohen, R., Genty, C., Kahn, J. P., … Courtet, P. (2017). Positive and negative life events and reasons for living modulate suicidal ideation in a sample of patients with history of suicide attempts. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 88, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.022
Lakeman, R., & FitzGerald, M. (2008). How people live with or get over being suicidal: A review of qualitative studies. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 64(2), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04773.x
Lawrence, R. E., Brent, D., Mann, J. J., Burke, A. K., Grunebaum, M. F., Galfalvy, H. C., & Oquendo, M. A. (2016). Religion as a risk factor for suicide attempt and suicide ideation among depressed patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(11), 845–850. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000484
Lawrence, R. E., Oquendo, M. A., & Stanley, B. (2016). Religion and suicide risk: A systematic review. Archives of Suicide Research, 20(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1004494
Leal, S. C., & Santos, J. C. (2016). Suicidal behaviors, social support and reasons for living among nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 36, 434–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.09.012
Lee, Y., & Oh, K. J. (2012). Validation of reasons for living and their relationship with suicidal ideation in Korean college students. Death Studies, 36(8), 712–722.
Li, D., Zhang, W., Li, X., Li, N., & Ye, B. (2012). Gratitude and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents: Direct, mediated, and moderated effects. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.06.005
Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The reasons for living inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 276–286.
Linehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., … Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: A randomized clinical trial and component analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3039
Luo, X., Wang, Q., Wang, X., & Cai, T. (2016). Reasons for living and hope as the protective factors against suicidality in Chinese patients with depression: A cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 252. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0960-0
Lyon, A. R., Connors, E., Jensen-Doss, A., Landes, S. J., Lewis, C. C., McLeod, B. D., … Weiner, B. J. (2017). Intentional research design in implementation science: Implications for the use of nomothetic and idiographic assessment. Translational Behavioral Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-017-0464-6
MacInnes, D. L. (2006). Self-esteem and self-acceptance: An examination into their relationship and their effect on psychological health. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13(5), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00959.x
Malone, K. M., Oquendo, M. A., Haas, G. I., Ellis, S. P., & Mann, J. J. (2001). Questions about reasons for living. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(8), 1332.
Malone, K. M., Oquendo, M. A., Haas, G. L., Ellis, S. P., Li, S., & Mann, J. J. (2000). Protective factors against suicidal acts in major depression: Reasons for living. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(7), 1084–1088. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.7.1084
Mammen, P., George, C., & Tharyan, P. (2001). Questions about reasons for living. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(8), 1331–1332.
Mann, M., Hosman, C. M., Schaalma, H. P., & de Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041
Marco, J. H., Guillen, V., & Botella, C. (2017). The buffer role of meaning in life in hopelessness in women with borderline personality disorders. Psychiatry Research, 247, 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.011
Mohammadkhani, P., Khanipour, H., Azadmehr, H., Mobramm, A., & Naseri, E. (2015). Trait mindfulness, reasons for living and general symptom severity as predictors of suicide probability in males with substance abuse or dependence. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 10(1), 56–63.
Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of Research in Personality, 73(3), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.09.001
O’Connor, S. S., Comtois, K. A., Wang, J., Russo, J., Peterson, R., Lapping-Carr, L., & Zatzick, D. (2015). The development and implementation of a brief intervention for medically admitted suicide attempt survivors. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(5), 427–433.
Oquendo, M. A., Dragatsi, D., Harkavy-Friedman, J., Dervic, K., Currier, D., Burke, A. K., … Mann, J. J. (2005). Protective factors against suicidal behavior in Latinos. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(7), 438–443.
Osman, A., Downs, W. R., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Baker, M. T., Osman, J. R., … Linehan, M. M. (1998). The Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (RFL-A): Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(8), 1063–1078.
Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Osman, J. R., Besett, T., & Linehan, M. M. (1996). The Brief Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (BRFL-A). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(4), 433–443.
Ozawa-de Silva, C. (2015). Mindfulness of the kindness of others: The contemplative practice of Naikan in cultural context. Transcultural Psychiatry, 52(4), 524–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461514562922
Pompili, M., Girardi, P., Tatarelli, R., Lester, D., & Rogers, J. R. (2007). Reasons for Living Inventory: Cross-cultural construct validity. Psychological Reports, 100(3 Pt 2), 1259–1262. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.4.1259-1262
Range, L. M., & Penton, S. R. (1994). Hope, hopelessness, and suicidality in college students. Psychological Reports, 75(1 Pt 2), 456–458. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.456
Serpa, J. G., Taylor, S. L., & Tillisch, K. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) reduces anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in veterans. Medical Care, 52(12 Suppl 5), S19–S24. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000202
Tanner, A. K., Hasking, P., & Martin, G. (2015). Suicidality among adolescents engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and firesetting: The role of psychosocial characteristics and reasons for living. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0068-1
Thomas, E. A., & Garland, E. L. (2017). Mindfulness is associated with increased hedonic capacity among chronic pain patients receiving extended opioid pharmacotherapy. Clinical Journal of Pain, 33(2), 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000379
Tillman, J. G., Clemence, A. J., Cree, R., Lewis, K. C., Stevens, J. L., & Reiss, D. (2017). The persistent shadow of suicide ideation and attempts in a high-risk group of psychiatric patients: A focus for intervention. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.05.005
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
Wand, A. P., Peisah, C., Draper, B., & Brodaty, H. (2017). Understanding self-harm in older people: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Aging & Mental Health, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1304522
Wang, Y. W., Tsai, Y. F., Lee, S. H., Chen, Y. J., & Chen, H. F. (2016). Development and psychometric testing of the Protective Reasons Against Suicide Inventory for assessing older Chinese-speaking outpatients in primary care settings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(7), 1701–1710. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12971
Wang, Y. W., Tsai, Y. F., Wong, T. K., & Ku, Y. C. (2013). Development and psychometric testing of a Chinese-language instrument for assessing institutionalised older males’ motivations for living. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(19–20), 2867–2875. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12089
Westefeld, J. S., Cardin, D., & Deaton, W. L. (1992). Development of the College Student Reasons for Living Inventory. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 22(4), 442–452.
Wilchek-Aviad, Y., & Malka, M. (2016). Religiosity, meaning in life and suicidal tendency among Jews. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(2), 480–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9996-y
Windle, G., Bennett, K. M., & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 8.
Xie, W., Li, H., Luo, X., Fu, R., Ying, X., Wang, N., … Shi, C. (2014). Anhedonia and pain avoidance in the suicidal mind: Behavioral evidence for motivational manifestations of suicidal ideation in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(7), 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22055
Zhang, J., Wieczorek, W. F., Conwell, Y., & Tu, X. M. (2011). Psychological strains and youth suicide in rural China. Social Science and Medicine, 72(12), 2003–2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.048
Acknowledgments
Raffaella Calati: Thanks to P.G.M., who has represented one of my reasons for living. Dr. Raffaella Calati received a grant from FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France (2015–2016). Dr. Emilie Olié received research grants from AstraZeneca, Servier, Institut UPSA de la Douleur and fees for presentations at congresses from Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier. Prof. Philippe Courtet received research grants from Servier, and fees for presentations at congresses or participation in scientific boards from Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier.
Conflicts of interest: None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Calati, R., Olié, E., Ducasse, D., Courtet, P. (2018). Reasons for Living. In: Hirsch, J., Chang, E., Kelliher Rabon, J. (eds) A Positive Psychological Approach to Suicide . Advances in Mental Health and Addiction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03225-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03225-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03224-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03225-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)