Abstract
The excessive accumulation of collagens (fibrosis) impairs the function of vital tissues and organs. Fibrosis is a hallmark of severe muscular dystrophies, such as the incurable Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), where skeletal muscle is substituted by scar (fibrotic) tissue as disease advances. One of the major obstacles in increasing our ability to combat fibrosis-driven muscular dystrophy progression is that no optimal in vivo models of muscle fibrosis are currently available, limiting fibrosis research and the development of novel therapies. In this chapter we describe different experimental strategies to accelerate and enhance muscle fibrosis in vivo in the widely used animal model for DMD, the mdx mouse. Since excessive tissue scarring also hampers the normal regeneration process after muscle injury, we have extended these fibrogenic strategies to the muscle of normal (non-diseased) mice. These strategies will allow fibrosis induction and assessment in a wide array of genetically modified mouse lines in physiological and pathological conditions of muscle regeneration. They should eventually improve our ability to combat fibrosis and foster muscle regeneration in DMD.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Mann CJ, Perdiguero E, Kharraz Y, Aguilar S, Pessina P, Serrano AL, Munoz-Canoves P (2011) Aberrant repair and fibrosis development in skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 1(1):21. doi:10.1186/2044-5040-1-21
Serrano AL, Munoz-Canoves P (2010) Regulation and dysregulation of fibrosis in skeletal muscle. Exp Cell Res 316(18):3050–3058. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.05.035
Muntoni F (2003) Cardiac complications of childhood myopathies. J Child Neurol 18(3):191–202
Benedetti S, Hoshiya H, Tedesco FS (2013) Repair or replace? Exploiting novel gene and cell therapy strategies for muscular dystrophies. FEBS J 280(17):4263–4280. doi:10.1111/febs.12178
Muir LA, Chamberlain JS (2009) Emerging strategies for cell and gene therapy of the muscular dystrophies. Expert Rev Mol Med 11:e18. doi:10.1017/S1462399409001100
Ardite E, Perdiguero E, Vidal B, Gutarra S, Serrano AL, Munoz-Canoves P (2012) PAI-1-regulated miR-21 defines a novel age-associated fibrogenic pathway in muscular dystrophy. J Cell Biol 196(1):163–175. doi:10.1083/jcb.201105013
Carnwath JW, Shotton DM (1987) Muscular dystrophy in the mdx mouse: histopathology of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. J Neurol Sci 80(1):39–54
Chandrasekharan K, Martin PT (2010) Genetic defects in muscular dystrophy. Methods Enzymol 479:291–322. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(10)79017-0
Wehling-Henricks M, Jordan MC, Gotoh T, Grody WW, Roos KP, Tidball JG (2010) Arginine metabolism by macrophages promotes cardiac and muscle fibrosis in mdx muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 5(5):e10763. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010763
Zhou L, Rafael-Fortney JA, Huang P, Zhao XS, Cheng G, Zhou X, Kaminski HJ, Liu L, Ransohoff RM (2008) Haploinsufficiency of utrophin gene worsens skeletal muscle inflammation and fibrosis in mdx mice. J Neurol Sci 264(1–2):106–111. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.08.029
Pessina P, Cabrera D, Morales MG, Riquelme CA, Gutierrez J, Serrano AL, Brandan E, Munoz-Canoves P (2014) Novel and optimized strategies for inducing fibrosis in vivo: focus on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 4:7. doi:10.1186/2044-5040-4-7
Pessina P, Kharraz Y, Jardi M, Fukada S, Serrano AL, Perdiguero E, Munoz-Canoves P (2015) Fibrogenic cell plasticity blunts tissue regeneration and aggravates muscular dystrophy. Stem Cell Reports 4(6):1046–1060. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.04.007
Perdiguero E, Sousa-Victor P, Ruiz-Bonilla V, Jardi M, Caelles C, Serrano AL, Munoz-Canoves P (2011) p38/MKP-1-regulated AKT coordinates macrophage transitions and resolution of inflammation during tissue repair. J Cell Biol 195(2):307–322. doi:10.1083/jcb.201104053
Suelves M, Vidal B, Serrano AL, Tjwa M, Roma J, Lopez-Alemany R, Luttun A, de Lagran MM, Diaz-Ramos A, Jardi M, Roig M, Dierssen M, Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P, Munoz-Canoves P (2007) uPA deficiency exacerbates muscular dystrophy in MDX mice. J Cell Biol 178(6):1039–1051. doi:10.1083/jcb.200705127
Acknowledgment
Work in the authors’ laboratory has been supported by MINECO-Spain (SAF2012-38547, PIE1400061), AFM, E-Rare, Fundació Marató TV3, MDA, EU-FP7 (Myoage, Optistem, and Endostem), and DuchennePP-NL. PP was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from AFM. The help of Drs. Antonio L Serrano, E. Perdiguero, Y. Kharraz, and M. Jardí in the original studies where these protocols were first used is greatly appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Pessina, P., Muñoz-Cánoves, P. (2016). Fibrosis-Inducing Strategies in Regenerating Dystrophic and Normal Skeletal Muscle. In: Kyba, M. (eds) Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in the Mouse. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1460. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3810-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3810-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3808-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3810-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols