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Toxicoepigenomics and Cancer: Implications for Screening

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Cancer Epigenetics

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1238))

Abstract

Scientists have long considered genetics to be the key mechanism that alters gene expression because of exposure to the environment and toxic substances (toxicants). Recently, epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as an alternative explanation for alterations in gene expression resulting from such exposure. The fact that certain toxic substances that contribute to tumor development do not induce mutations probably results from underlying epigenetic mechanisms. The field of toxicoepigenomics emerged from the combination of epigenetics and classical toxicology. High-throughput technologies now enable evaluation of altered epigenomic profiling in response to toxins and environmental pollutants. Furthermore, differences in the epigenomic backgrounds of individuals may explain why, although whole populations are exposed to toxicants, only a few people in a population develop cancer. Metals in the environment and toxic substances not only alter DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications but also affect enzymes involved in posttranslational modifications of proteins and epigenetic regulation, and thereby contribute to carcinogenesis. This article describes different toxic substances and environmental pollutants that alter epigenetic profiling and discusses how this information can be used in screening populations at high risk of developing cancer. Research opportunities and challengers in the field also are discussed.

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Abbreviations

DNMTs:

DNA methyltransferases

EWAS:

Epigenome-wide association studies

GWAS:

Genome-wide association studies

HAT:

Histone acetyltransferase

HDACS:

Histone deacetylases

LINE:

Long integrated nuclear element

MDBPs:

Methylated DNA-binding proteins

miRNA:

microRNA

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulfonate

SINE:

Small integrated nuclear element

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Joanne Brodsky of The Scientific Consulting Group, Inc., for reading the manuscript and providing suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Methods and Technologies Branch, Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E102, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA

    Mukesh Verma Ph.D.

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Correspondence to Mukesh Verma Ph.D. .

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  1. National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA

    Mukesh Verma

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Verma, M. (2015). Toxicoepigenomics and Cancer: Implications for Screening. In: Verma, M. (eds) Cancer Epigenetics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1238. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_19

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_19

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