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Solar Radiation and Human Health

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Abstract

Solar radiation has both direct and indirect impacts on human health. Only direct effects are described here. (Space is too limited to describe the indirect effects, which are numerous, complex and imbedded into important feedback mechanisms; the most important indirect effects for human health are on the availability and quality of food, effects on aquatic and terrestrial plants and ecosystems, deterioration in air quality, damage to materials, and energy-related issues that drive the world economy.)

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Action spectrum:

Weighting function describing the wavelength dependence of the biological response. Usually, it is normalized to 1 at a specific wavelength. In the UV, action spectra need to be known accurately over several orders of magnitude.

Direct spectral irradiance E λ,D :

Radiant energy dQ arriving from the disk of the sun per time interval dt, per wavelength interval d λ, and per area dA on a surface normal to the solar beam.

$$ {E_{{\lambda, D}}} = \frac{{dQ}}{{dtdAd\lambda }} $$

The angular field of view of an instrument measuring direct normal spectral irradiance must be sufficiently small to reduce uncertainties caused by circumscolar radiation. Recommendations for view-limiting geometries can be found in WMO [166].

Erythemally weighted irradiance E CIE :

Global spectral irradiance E G (λ) multiplied with the action spectrum for erythema, C(λ), proposed by CIE [1] and integrated over wavelengths λ:

$$ {E_{\text{CIE}}} =\int\limits_{{250{\text{nm}}}}^{{400{\text{nm}}}} {{E_G}(\lambda ) \cdot C(\lambda )d\lambda } $$
Exposure:

The spectral exposure \( E{x_{\lambda }} \) is the radiance L λ integrated over the relevant areas dA of the human body. In this context, the spectral radiance originates from the Sun’s direct beam and any scattered components.

$$ E{x_{\lambda }} = \int\limits_{t_1}^ {t_2} \left({\oint\limits_{(A)}} {L_\lambda} {(\epsilon, \varphi, t, \lambda)} \cdot dA \cos \epsilon \right)dt $$

where T = t 2−t 1 is the exposure time. \( E{x_{\lambda }} (\lambda)\) may be weighted with a biological action spectrum and integrated over the wavelength to assess its biological impact. In this case the exposure is no longer a function of the wavelength and has the unit J.

Global spectral irradiance E λ,G :

Radiant energy dQ arriving per time interval dt, per wavelength interval d λ, and per area dA on a horizontally oriented surface from all parts of the sky above the horizontal, including the disk of the sun itself:

$$ {E_{{\lambda, G}}} = \frac{{dQ}}{{dtdAd\lambda }} = {E_{{\lambda, D}}} \cdot \cos (\vartheta ) + {E_{{\lambda, S}}} $$

where \( \vartheta \) is the solar zenith angle.

Spectral radiance L λ :

This can be defined in terms of emitted or received radiation. Here the latter applies. Radiant energy dQ per time interval dt, per wavelength interval d λ, per area dA, and per solid angle dΩ on a receiver oriented normal to the source.

$$ {L_{\lambda }} = \frac{{dQ}}{{dt{}d{A}d{\lambda}d\Omega }} $$
UV index:

A measure of solar UV radiation at the Earth’s surface that is used for public information. According to [2], the UV index is calculated considering the following items:

  1. 1.

    Calculation of the erythemally weighted irradiance E CIE (see above) by utilization of the CIE action spectrum [1] normalized to 1.0 at 298 nm.

  2. 2.

    A minimum requirement is to report the daily maximum UV index.

  3. 3.

    The index is expressed by multiplying the weighted irradiance in W m−2 by 40.0 (this leads to an open-ended index which is normally between 0 and 16 at sea level, but with larger values possible at high altitudes).

Remarks:

  1. (a)

    The definition of the UV index given above may be revised in the future.

  2. (b)

    According to the alternative definition given in [3], the UV index is calculated as the daily maximum erythemally weighted irradiance in W m−2, averaged over a duration of between 10 and 30 min and multiplied by 40.

UV-A radiation:

Electromagnetic radiation between 315 and 400 nm [4]. UV-A radiation is a summarizing term only and, unlike UVA irradiance, not a physical quantity.

UV-B radiation:

Electromagnetic radiation between 280 and 315 nm [4]. UV-B radiation is a summarizing term only and, unlike UVB irradiance, not a physical quantity.

Vitamin D:

Vitamin D is produced photochemically by UV exposure and conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol into previtamin D3, which is rapidly converted to vitamin D3. The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is a hormone.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany

    Gunther Seckmeyer

  2. Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany

    Armin Zittermann

  3. National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Lauder, New Zealand

    Richard McKenzie

  4. Centre of Dermatology, Elbe Kliniken Buxtehude, Am Krankenhaus 1, 21614, Buxtehude, Germany

    Ruediger Greinert

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  1. Gunther Seckmeyer
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  2. Armin Zittermann
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  3. Richard McKenzie
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  4. Ruediger Greinert
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Correspondence to Gunther Seckmeyer .

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  1. , School of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, Louisiana, USA

    Edward A. Laws

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Seckmeyer, G., Zittermann, A., McKenzie, R., Greinert, R. (2013). Solar Radiation and Human Health. In: Laws, E. (eds) Environmental Toxicology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5764-0_19

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