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Effect of Cytomegalovirus on the Immune System: Implications for Aging and Mental Health

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Microorganisms and Mental Health

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 61))

Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major modulator of the immune system leading to long-term changes in T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells among others. Perhaps because of this immunomodulatory capacity, HCMV infection has been linked with a host of deleterious effects including accelerated immune aging (premature mortality, increased expression of immunosenescence-linked markers, telomere shortening, speeding-up of epigenetic “clocks”), decreased vaccine immunogenicity, and greater vulnerability to infectious diseases (e.g., tuberculosis) or infectious disease-associated pathology (e.g., HIV). Perhaps not surprisingly given the long co-evolution between HCMV and humans, the virus has also been associated with beneficial effects, such as increased vaccine responsiveness, heterologous protection against infections, and protection against relapse in the context of leukemia. Here, we provide an overview of this literature. Ultimately, we focus on one other deleterious effect of HCMV, namely the emerging literature suggesting that HCMV plays a pathophysiological role in psychiatric illness, particularly depression and schizophrenia. We discuss this literature through the lens of psychological stress and inflammation, two well-established risk factors for psychiatric illness that are also known to predispose to reactivation of HCMV.

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Acknowledgments

BNF acknowledges support from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (30031). JS acknowledges support from the William K. Warren Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH123652) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM121312).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA

    Bart N. Ford

  2. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA

    Jonathan Savitz

  3. Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA

    Jonathan Savitz

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Correspondence to Bart N. Ford .

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  1. Laureate Inst for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA

    Jonathan Savitz

  2. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Dept, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Robert H. Yolken

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Ford, B.N., Savitz, J. (2022). Effect of Cytomegalovirus on the Immune System: Implications for Aging and Mental Health. In: Savitz, J., Yolken, R.H. (eds) Microorganisms and Mental Health. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 61. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_376

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